Neurosciences Research. Volume 4 PDF
Preview Neurosciences Research. Volume 4
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME GUIDO FILOGAMO TOSHIO NARAHASHI DONALD T. FRAZIER MAURICIO RUSSEK W. R. KLEMM A. SOLLRERGER PIER CARLO MARCHISIO FORREST F. WEIGHT ADVISORY BOARD WILLIAM ADELMAN EZIO GIACOBINI Department of Physiology Department of Pharmacology University of Maryland Karolinska Institutet School of Medicine Stockholm, Sweden Baltimore, Maryland M. H. APRISON I. J. KOPIN The Institute of Psychiatric Research and Laboratory of Clinical Science Department of Biochemistry National Institute of Mental Health Indiana University Medical Center Be the s da, Maryland Indianapolis, Indiana BUDH D. BHAGAT GERTRUDE MAENGWYN-DAVIES Department of Physiology Department of Pharmacology St. Louis University Georgetown University School of Medicine School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Washington, D.C. SABIT GABAY AMEDEO MARRAZZI Biochemistry Research Laboratory Department of Pharmacology Veterans Adminstration Hospital University of Minnesota Brockton, Massachusetts Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota NEUROSCIENCES RESEARCH EDITED BY S. EHRENPREIS NEW YORK STATE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR NEUROCHEMISTRY AND DRUG ADDICTION WARD'S ISLAND, NEW YORK OTHMAR C. SOLNITZKY DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE WASHINGTON, D C. Volume 4 1971 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT © 1971, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W1X 6BA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 68-23474 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS GUIDO FILOGAMO, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Turin, Turin, Italy DONALD T. FRAZIER, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky W. R. KLEMM, Department of Biology, Institute of Life Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas PIER CARLO MARCHISIO, Department of Human Anatomy, Uni- versity of Turin, Turin, Italy TOSHIO NARAHASHI, Department of Physiology and Pharma- cology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina MAURICIO RUSSEK, Department of Physiology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico, 17, D. F. Mexico A. SOLLBERGER, Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University Medical School, and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut FORREST F. WEIGHT, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Divi- sion of Special Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Saint Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, D.C. vii PREFACE As in the previous volumes, Volume 4 of Neurosciences Research is comprised of papers on a varied group of studies, ranging from synaptic transmission and local anesthetic action to the immobility reflex ("animal hypnosis") and control of food intake. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of this particular volume is the emphasis that each author places on mechanisms and new hypotheses. In some instances, the new hypothesis set forth represents a fairly radical de- parture from accepted doctrine, whereas in others, some new aspect is stressed which might ultimately prove of great importance for future research. Forrest F. Weight's chapter on mechanisms of syn- aptic transmission is one of the latter. After reviewing in depth the ionic changes which occur during transmission, Weight stresses the fact that some transmission processes may not involve ionic effects but are primarily metabolic in nature; it is this somewhat neglected aspect of transmission events which he suggests "may provide a fruit- ful field for the future investigation of possible long-term changes resulting from synaptic activity," e.g., learning and memory. Toshio Narahashi and Donald T. Frazier give a detailed analysis of local anesthetic activity, and their use of internally perfused squid axon, in particular, has gone a long way toward settling an important controversy in this field: What is the nature of the active form of a local anesthetic? While this problem might be considered primarily of academic interest, evidence that the primary site of action of local anesthetics is on the inner surface of the active nerve membrane is perhaps the best indication that the membrane is asymmetrically con- stituted. This concept is of obvious importance in fully understanding nerve activity on the molecular level and must also be taken into ac- count in any attempt to isolate receptors for neurotropic drugs. These studies set the stage for the evaluation in a similar way of many other types of neurotropic agents, thereby leading to a better understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action. From drug effect on nerve, we proceed to a discussion of the embryo- logical development of the acetylcholine system, a field in which the authors, Guido Filogamo and Pier Carlo Marchisio, have made many original contributions. They present a considerable body of evidence ix χ Preface for two distinctly different phases in the developing acetylcholine system: an early one of more or less unknown function, and a later one which "is beyond a doubt the basis of . . . transmission of im- pulses at cholinergic synapses." The reader will be much impressed by the great care and detail with which the authors set forth the evi- dence for this new hypothesis; there is little doubt that their proposals will stimulate further work on this system. Such studies should be greatly advanced by newly developed histochemical staining tech- niques for choline acetyltransferase and ultimately for acetylcholine itself. The impressive evidence presented that muscle acetylcholin- esterase appears only upon innervation implies an important and new type of trophic influence of nerve on muscle. Perhaps the synthesis of postjunctional receptors follows a similar time course. Biological rhythm research, "a recent discipline of physiology," is discussed in detail by A. Sollberger, whose earlier work has contrib- uted greatly to this rapidly expanding field. The rhythms analyzed are mainly of the neurological and behavioral types and include those in- volved with "cerebral potentials, motor and mental performance, memory, mood . . . ," in other words, virtually every level of nervous system function from the lowest to the highest levels. Sollberger dis- cusses in great detail his own approaches whereby many of these rhythms can be understood and analyzed, thereby providing the re- searcher with the tools for pursuing this fascinating subject. One area of neuroscientific research, much neglected although of considerable interest in the last century, is the immobility reflex or animal hypnosis, discussed in a most lucid manner by W. R. Klemm. After considering objectively and in a critical fashion many of the mechanisms for explaining how a state of immobility may be induced in animals, Klemm provides rather convincing arguments for his own unifying hypothesis which, in essence, states that the reflex is "con- trolled by a motor inhibitory system in the medullary reticular for- mation." He points out that an understanding of the immobility reflex, far from being of purely academic interest, could be important in many other fields of CNS research such as human hypnosis, sleep and other stages of consciousness, and as a unique model of "psychotic immobility states." Mauricio Russek gives a detailed discussion of another important and highly complex area of behavior, namely, the control of feeding. After demonstrating the deficiencies in the most prominent hypoth- eses which attempt to explain food intake, Russek sets forth what he considers to be the "missing link": the presence of glucose sensors or "receptors" in the liver which he considers of even greater impor- PREFACE xi tance than the classical glucostatic receptors in the hypothalamus. These receptors function in a manner similar to baro- or chemorecep- tors: deficiency of glucose causes firing via vagus and/or glossopha- ryngeal aiferents to the CNS resulting in stimulation of a "feeding center," thereby initiating food intake. Many experiments supporting this new concept are presented including the important findings of liver innervation. Russek relates this hypothesis to the effects of amino acids and ammonia on feeding and gives new interpretations of the effects of drugs and disease on food intake. It is conceivable that more effective means of treating obesity might be developed on the basis of these new concepts. S. EHRENPREIS OTHMAR C. SOLNITZKY May, 1971 CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES VOLUME 1 Chemical Studies on Individual Neurons Part 1. Vertebrate Nerves Ezio GlACOBINI Chemical Correlates of Neural Function GEORGES UNGAR AND LOUIS N. IRWIN A Combined Neurochemical and Neurophysiological Approach to Identification of Central Nervous System Transmitters M. H. APRISON AND R. WERMAN Muscular Tone and Movement: Their Cerebral Control in Primates FRED A. METTLER Neural Mechanism Controlling Skeletal Muscular Activity and Its Unsolved Problems PAUL C. BUCY Psychophysics of Excitation and Tranquilization from a Steady-State Perspective ROLAND FISCHER AND MARSHA A. ROCKEY Learning and Use of Knowledge JACQUES BARBIZET High Speed Techniques in Biological Research and Their Utilization in Experimental Head Injury E. S. GURDJIAN, V. R. HODGSON, L. M. THOMAS, AND L. M. PATRICK Author Index—Subject Index xiii xiv Contents of Previous Volumes VOLUME 2 Calcium and the Excitable Cell Membrane K. KOKETSU Calcium-Adenosine Triphosphate-Lipid Interactions and Their Significance in the Excitatory Membrane L. G. ABOOD Intracellular Perfusion of Squid Giant Axons: Recent Findings and Interpretations L. LERMAN, A. WATANABE, AND I. TASAKI Chemical Studies on Individual Neurons. Part II. Invertebrate Nerve Cells Ezio GlACOBINI Response Augmentation and Blockade in Cholinergic Neuromuscular Tissues S. L. FRIESS What Is the Functional Role of Central Nervous Serotonin? WERNER P. KOELLA General Neuropathology of Degenerative Processes of the Nervous System FRANZ SEITELBERGER Sphingolipid Metabolism in Neural Tissues ROSCOE O. RRADY Author Index—Subject Index VOLUME 3 Transport Processes at the Brain Cell Membrane J. H. QUASTEL The Life History of the Microglial Cell: A Light Microscopic Study JAN CAMMERMEYER CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES XV Studies on the Choroid Plexus MARTIN G. NETSKY AND SAMRUAY SHUANGSHOTI The Role of the Cerebral Peduncle in Movements A. EARL WALKER Tetanism: Pathobiological Aspects of the Action of Tetanal Toxin in the Nervous System and Skeletal Muscle SUMNER I. ZACKS AND MICHAEL F. SHEFF Author Index—Subject Index
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