Neuroscience for addiction medicine : from prevention to rehabilitation : constructs and drugs PDF
Preview Neuroscience for addiction medicine : from prevention to rehabilitation : constructs and drugs
Serial Editor Vincent Walsh InstituteofCognitiveNeuroscience UniversityCollegeLondon 17QueenSquare LondonWC1N3ARUK Editorial Board MarkBear, Cambridge, USA. Medicine& TranslationalNeuroscience Hamed Ekhtiari, Tehran, Iran. Addiction Hajime Hirase, Wako, Japan. NeuronalMicrocircuitry Freda Miller, Toronto,Canada. DevelopmentalNeurobiology ShaneO’Mara, Dublin, Ireland. Systems Neuroscience SusanRossell, Swinburne, Australia. Clinical Psychology&Neuropsychiatry Nathalie Rouach, Paris, France. Neuroglia Barbara Sahakian,Cambridge, UK. Cognition &Neuroethics Bettina Studer,Dusseldorf,Germany. Neurorehabilitation Xiao-Jing Wang, New York, USA. ComputationalNeuroscience Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA Firstedition2016 Copyright#2016ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). 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ISBN:978-0-444-63545-7 ISSN:0079-6123 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ Contributors Mustafaal’Absi University ofMinnesota School of Medicine,Duluth, MN,USA Nelly Alia-Klein Department ofPsychiatry, and Department ofNeuroscience, Icahn Schoolof MedicineatMountSinai, NewYork, NY, USA Barbara C.Banz Department ofPsychiatry, YaleUniversity SchoolofMedicine, New Haven, CT, USA LuciaBederson Department ofPsychology, New York University, NewYork,NY, USA Wade Berrettini Karl E RicklesProfessor ofPsychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, PerelmanSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA WarrenK.Bickel AddictionRecovery Research Center,VirginiaTechCarilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA Jean LudCadet Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, NationalInstitutesof Health,Baltimore, MD,USA Bader Chaarani DepartmentofPsychiatry,VermontCenteronBehaviorandHealth,Universityof Vermont, Burlington,VT, USA Kelly E.Courtney Department ofPsychology, University ofCalifornia,LosAngeles, CA, USA W. Miles Cox BangorUniversity, Bangor, UK Anita Cservenka Departments ofPsychiatry, OregonHealth&Science University, Portland, OR, USA Manoranjan S.D’Souza DepartmentofBiomedicalandPharmaceuticalSciences,TheRaabeCollegeof Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ada,OH, USA Scott Edwards Department ofPhysiology,Alcohol and DrugAbuse Center ofExcellence, Neuroscience CenterofExcellence,Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center,New Orleans, LA,USA v vi Contributors Hamed Ekhtiari ResearchCenterforMolecularandCellularImaging;NeurocognitiveLaboratory, IranianNationalCenter for AddictionStudies(INCAS); Translational NeuroscienceProgram, Institute for CognitiveSciences Studies(ICSS),and Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, ResearchCenter for MolecularandCellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Javad Salehi Fadardi FerdowsiUniversityofMashhad;BangorUniversity,Bangor,UK,andAddiction ResearchCentre,Mashhad University ofMedicalSciences, Mashhad,Iran ShellyB. Flagel DepartmentofPsychiatry,andMolecularandBehavioralNeuroscienceInstitute, University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI,USA John J. Foxe Department ofPediatrics, and Department ofNeuroscience, Albert Einstein College ofMedicine,Bronx, NY, USA HughGaravan Department ofPsychiatry, VermontCenter on Behavior and Health,and DepartmentofPsychologicalScience,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA Ashley N.Gearhardt Department ofPsychology, University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA RitaZ. Goldstein Department ofPsychiatry, and Department ofNeuroscience,IcahnSchoolof Medicineat Mount Sinai,NewYork, NY, USA Colleen A.Hanlon MedicalUniversity ofSouth Carolina, Charleston, SC,USA Kelsey E.Hudson DepartmentofPsychologicalScience,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA Andrine Lemieux University ofMinnesota School ofMedicine,Duluth, MN, USA Francesco Leri Department ofPsychology, University ofGuelph,Guelph,ON, Canada ScottJ. Moeller Department ofPsychiatry, and Department ofNeuroscience,IcahnSchoolof Medicineat Mount Sinai,NewYork, NY, USA SeyedMohammad AhmadiSoleimani NeurocognitiveLaboratory,Iranian NationalCenter for AddictionStudies (INCAS),TehranUniversityofMedicalSciences,andDepartmentofPhysiology, Faculty ofMedical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Azarkhsh Mokri Clinical Department,IranianNationalCenter for Addiction Studies(INCAS), Tehran University ofMedicalSciences, Tehran, Iran Contributors vii John Monterosso Neuroscience GraduateProgram; Department ofPsychology, and Brain and Creativity Institute,University ofSouthern California, LosAngeles, CA, USA JonathanD. Morrow Department ofPsychiatry, University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Bonnie J. Nagel Departments ofPsychiatry, and Behavioral Neuroscience,Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA Padideh Nasseri NeurocognitiveLaboratory, Iranian National Center for AddictionStudies (INCAS),TehranUniversityofMedicalSciences,andTranslationalNeuroscience Program, Institutefor Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS),Tehran, Iran Marc N. Potenza DepartmentofPsychiatry;DepartmentofNeurobiology,ChildStudyCenter,and CASAColumbia,andConnecticutMentalHealthCenter,YaleUniversitySchoolof Medicine, NewHaven,CT, USA AlexandraPotter Department ofPsychiatry, Vermont Center on Behaviorand Health, and DepartmentofPsychologicalScience,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA Amanda J. Quisenberry AddictionRecovery Research Center,VirginiaTechCarilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA Arash Rahmani IranianNationalCenter for Addiction Studies, Tehran University ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Lara A. Ray Department ofPsychology, University ofCalifornia,LosAngeles, CA, USA Erica M. Schulte Department ofPsychology, University ofMichigan,Ann Arbor, MI,USA Sarah E.Snider AddictionRecovery Research Center,VirginiaTechCarilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA Philip A.Spechler Department ofPsychiatry, Vermont Center on Behaviorand Health, and DepartmentofPsychologicalScience,UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA JeffreyS. Stein AddictionRecovery Research Center,VirginiaTechCarilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA Jane R.Taylor Department ofPsychiatry, YaleUniversity, New Haven, CT, USA viii Contributors MaryM. Torregrossa Department ofPsychiatry, University ofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA,USA YvonneH.C. Yau Department ofNeurologyand Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, and Montreal Neurological Institute,3801 Rue University, Montre´al,QC, Canada Fatemeh Yavari NeurocognitiveLaboratory,Iranian NationalCenter for AddictionStudies (INCAS), Tehran University ofMedicalSciences, Tehran, Iran SarahW. Yip Department ofPsychiatry, YaleUniversity School of Medicine,New Haven,CT, USA SonjaYokum Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA YanZhou TheLaboratoryoftheBiologyofAddictiveDiseases,TheRockefellerUniversity, New York, NY, USA Preface: Neuroscience for Addiction Medicine: From Prevention to Rehabilitation It isestimated thatatotal of246 millionpeople, i.e., over 5%ofthe world’s adult population,haveusedanillicitdrugduringthelastyear.Meanwhile,morethan10% of these drug users are suffering from drug use disorders and the number of drug- related deaths is estimated to be over 187,000 annually (UN Office of Drugs and Crime, 2015).Adding disordersrelated tothenonpharmacologicorbehavioralad- dictionssuchaspathologicalgambling,Internetandgamingaddictions,overeating and obesity, and compulsive sexual behaviors to the drug addictions comprises a groupofbraindisordersthatcontributeasoneofthemajorchallengesforhumankind inthe current millennium. Addiction medicine has been regarded as a stand-alone specialty among other medical professions in several countries; however, there are still serious concerns regardingtheavailabilityandeffectivenessofinterventionsinawiderangefrompre- vention to rehabilitation in addiction medicine. Accumulating pathophysiological evidencesfor“AddictionasaBrainDisorder”duringlast20yearsisextendingex- pectations from neuroscience to contribute more seriously in the routine clinical practices during prevention, assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation of addictive disorders.Neurosciencehasmadetremendousprogresstowardunderstandingbasic neuralprocesses;however,thereisstillalotofprogressneededtobemadeinuti- lizingneuroscienceapproachesinclinicalmedicineingeneralandaddictionmedi- cine inparticular. Thebasicideaofabooktoprovidethecurrentstatusofthefieldofneuroscience of addiction with particular emphasis on potential applications in a clinical setting was jumped outduring meetings in the 2nd Basic and ClinicalNeuroscience Con- gressinOctober2013inTehranwithProfessorVincentWalsh,theProgressinBrain Research,PBR,EditorinChief.We,MartinandHamed,startedtoworktogetherfor aproposaltothePBRadvisoryboardtocompileavolumeofreviewsinJune2014in theLaureateInstituteforBrainResearch,Tulsa,OK.Afterreceivingthegreenlights fromthePBRoffice,theinvitationswentouttotheseniorscholarsinthefieldfrom October2014.Wereceivedoverwhelmingpositivefeedbacksfromover120contrib- utorsfrom90institutesin14countriesthatendedupwith36chaptersintwovolumes inOctober2015.During this1 year ofintensive efforts, allthe chapters were peer reviewedandrevisedaccordinglytomeethigh-qualitystandardsofthePBRandour vision for the whole concept of the volumes. The first volume, PBR Vol. 223, is mainlyfocusedonthebasicneurocognitiveconstructscontributingtopathophysio- logicalbasisofpharmacologicalandbehavioraladdictions,andthesecondvolume, PBRVol.224,depictsthecontributionofneurosciencemethodsandinterventionsin the future ofclinical practices in addiction medicine. xix xx Preface: Neuroscience for addiction medicine The goal of these two volumes is to provide readers with insights into current gaps and possible directions of research that would address impactful questions. Thefundamentalquestionthatisaddressedinthesevolumesis“howcanneurosci- encebeusedtomakearealdifferenceinaddictionmedicine”?Tothatend,weasked the contributorsto: (1) review the recentliteraturewith a time horizon ofapproximately 5–10years, (2) identifycurrentgapsinourknowledgethatcontributetothelimitedimpactof the area of research toclinical practice, and (3) provideaperspectivewherethefieldisheadingandhowimpactfulquestionscan be addressedto change the practice of addiction medicine. Weenvisionthatbothneuroscientistsandclinicalinvestigatorswillbetheprimary audienceofthesetwovolumes.Moreover,thecommoninterestoftheseindividuals willbetheapplicationofneuroscienceapproachesinstudiestoassessortreatindi- vidualswithaddictivedisorders.WethinkthatthesePBRvolumeswillprovidethe audienceswithmostrecentevidencesfromdifferentdisciplinesinbrainstudieson thewiderangeofaddictivedisordersinanintegrativewaytoward“Neurosciencefor AddictionMedicine:FromPreventiontoRehabilitation.”Thehopeisthattheinfor- mationprovidedintheseriesofchaptersinthesetwovolumeswilltriggernewre- searchesthatwillhelptoconnectbasicneurosciencetoclinicaladdictionmedicine. TheEditors Hamed Ekhtiari,MD, IranianNational Centerfor AddictionStudies Martin Paulus,MD, Laureate Institutefor Brain Research REFERENCE UNOfficeofDrugsandCrime,2015.WorldDrugReport2015.UnitedNationPublication, Vienna. CHAPTER 1 Neuroscience of resilience and vulnerability for addiction medicine: From genes to behavior Jonathan D. Morrow*,1,ShellyB. Flagel*,† *DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA †MolecularandBehavioralNeuroscienceInstitute,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA 1Correspondingauthor:Tel.:+1-734-764-0231;Fax:+1-734-232-0244, e-mailaddress:[email protected] Abstract Addictionisacomplexbehavioraldisorderarisingfromroughlyequalcontributionsofgenetic and environmental factors. Behavioral traits such as novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and cue- reactivityhavebeenassociatedwithvulnerabilitytoaddiction.Thesetraits,atleastinpart, arisefromindividualvariationinfunctionalneuralsystems,suchasincreasedstriataldopa- minergicactivityanddecreasedprefrontalcorticalcontroloversubcorticalemotionalandmo- tivationalresponses.Withafewexceptions,geneticstudieshavelargelyfailedtoconsistently identifyspecificallelesthataffectaddictionliability.Thismaybeduetothemultifactorial natureofaddiction,withdifferentgenesbecomingmoresignificantincertainenvironments or in certain subsets of the population. Epigenetic mechanisms may also be an important sourceofrisk.Adolescenceisaparticularlycriticaltimeperiodinthedevelopmentofaddic- tion,andenvironmentalfactorsatthisstageoflifecanhavealargeinfluenceonwhetherinher- itedriskfactorsareactuallytranslatedintoaddictivebehaviors.Knowledgeofhowindividual differencesaffectaddictionliabilityatthelevelofgenes,neuralsystems,behavioraltraits,and sociodevelopmentaltrajectoriescanhelptoinformandimproveclinicalpractice. Keywords Addiction, Individual differences, Cue-reactivity, Impulsivity, Dopamine, Neural circuits, Genetics There is considerable variability in the likelihood of developing addiction upon exposuretodrugsofabuse.Thisisevidencedbythefactthatover90%ofAmericans have used alcohol, but only 8–12% ever meet criteria for alcohol dependence (Anthony et al., 1994). Determining what factors render certain individuals more 3 ProgressinBrainResearch,Volume223,ISSN0079-6123,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.09.004 ©2016ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. 4 CHAPTER 1 Neuroscience of resilience and vulnerability susceptibletoaddictionhasprovendifficulttodiscernbecauseofthearrayofvari- ablesinvolved.Overthepastfewdecades,wehavelearnedthatthereisacomplex interplayofgenesandenvironmentthatgoverntheneurobiologicalandbehavioral processesrelevanttoaddiction.However,thereare,unquestionably,multiplealgo- rithmsbywhichthesefactorsmaybecombinedtoalteraddictionliability.Belowwe willbrieflyreviewfindingsfrombothhumanandanimalstudiesthathighlightsome of the behavioral, neural, and genetic variables believed to contribute to addiction liability. 1 BEHAVIORAL TRAITS Despitetheoft-repeatedadagethat“thereisnoaddictivepersonality,”thereisaclear association between addiction and certain personality traits. For example, clinical studies have found that the trait known as neuroticism or negative emotionality is associatedwithsubstanceusedisordersaswellasdepressiveandanxietydisorders (Kotov et al., 2010; Terracciano et al., 2008). The mechanisms underlying this as- sociationarenotwell-characterized,butarethoughttoincludeincreasedstresssen- sitivity(Erscheetal.,2012).Anotherpersonalitytraitassociatedwithaddictionisthe “externalizing”phenotype,characterizedbynovelty-andsensation-seekingbehav- ior,hypersensitivitytorewards,andinsensitivitytopunishment (Dick etal.,2013; Hicksetal.,2013;Pingaultetal.,2013).Evidencefromanimalmodelssuggeststhat the sensation-seeking trait may specifically increase the propensity to initiate and continue drug use, as opposed to predisposing toward compulsive use that would meet criteria for substance dependence (Belin et al., 2008; Deroche-Gamonet etal.,2004;Piazzaetal.,1989),andsomehumanstudieshavesubstantiatedthisfind- ing(Erscheetal.,2013).Traitimpulsivity,otherwiseknownasdisinhibitionorlack of constraint,has perhaps the strongestevidence for an associationwith addiction. In the animal literature, the transition to compulsive drug use can be predicted by measures of impulsivity (Belin et al., 2008; Dalley et al., 2007); specifically the inabilitytowithholdaprepotentresponse(e.g.,5-choiceserialreactiontimetask). Similar tasks have been used with human subjects in the laboratory to assess disinhibitionorlackofconstraint—and,inagreementwiththerodentstudies,these studieshavelargelyshownevidenceforanassociationbetweentraitimpulsivityand addiction (for review, see Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008). Another addiction-related traitis“cue-reactivity”;perhapsnotsurprisingly,asrelapseismostoftentriggered by cues (e.g., people, places, paraphernalia) in the environment that have been previouslyassociatedwiththedrug-takingexperience.Indeed,bothhumanstudies and animal models suggest that individuals for whom the cue attains incentive motivationalvalueorincentivesaliencearetheindividualsmostlikelytoexhibitre- lapse(e.g.,seeCarterandTiffany,1999;Janesetal.,2010;Rohsenowetal.,1990; SaundersandRobinson,2010,2011).Thesedifferentpersonalitytraitshavenotonly been associated with different phases of addiction but also with different types of drugsofabuse.Forexample,cocaineaddictstendtobemoreimpulsivethanheroin
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