Neurorehabilitation Technology PDF
Preview Neurorehabilitation Technology
David J. Reinkensmeyer Volker Dietz Editors Neurorehabilitation Technology Second Edition 123 Neurorehabilitation Technology David J. Reinkensmeyer • Volker Dietz Editors Neurorehabilitation Technology Second Edition Editors David J. Reinkensmeyer Volker Dietz University of California at Irvine Spinal Cord Injury Center Irvine University Hospital Balgrist California Zürich USA Switzerland ISBN 978-3-319-28601-3 ISBN 978-3-319-28603-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28603-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016948440 © Springer International Publishing 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Preface to the S econd Edition When I want to discover something , I begin by reading up everything that has been done along that line in the past – t hat ’ s what all these books in the library are for. I see what has been accomplished at great labor and expense in the past. I gather data of many thousands of experiments as a starting point , a nd then I make thou- sands more . Attributed to Thomas Edison T he aim of this book is to provide a current overview of the ongoing revo- lution in neurorehabilitation technology. This revolution began in the late 1980s when several research groups, apparently beginning with a group at MIT, made the observation that robotic technologies could enhance rehabili- tation movement training by automating parts of it. Seminal work in neuro- plasticity emerging at the same time observed for the fi rst time that the nervous system retains a highly distributed capacity to alter its connectivity in response to repetitive sensory motor input even following severe damage and aging. Partially automating repetitive movement training was thus imagined as a way to increase movement therapy dose, improving recovery without increasing health care costs. Thirty years later, tens and perhaps hundreds of companies worldwide now sell rehabilitation robotic technology. The most successful company is likely the Swiss company Hocoma. With the development of the gait orthosis ‘Lokomat’ in the early 1990s, Hocoma emerged as a spin-off from the Balgrist University Hospital in Zürich. It is now established well with over 1000 installations of its Lokomat gait orthosis, Armeo arm orthoses, and other technologies (its products and their evaluation are necessarily the focus of several chapters in the book). The number of papers published in rehabili- tation robotics has increased from a few per year to over 1000 annually. Systematic reviews of tens of randomized controlled trials now affi rm robotic training as a benefi cial supplement to conventional training. Yet the benefi ts provided by these devices are incremental for most patients and the cost high enough to limit their use mainly to fl agship rehabilitation facilities. We are perhaps at a stage of invention similar to that of the light bulb in 1878. The best light bulbs in 1878 lasted only 13 h, despite the light bulb having been invented in 1802 by Humphry Davy. It would take Thomas Edison several more years of experimental and theoretical work to increase the average light bulb life to over 1000 h, thus producing one of the most impactful technologies of all time. v vi Preface to the Second Edition This second edition of N eurorehabilitation Technology details what might be described as the ongoing Edisonian process of improving neurorehabilita- tion technology. World leaders in their fi elds have taken the time to step back from their work, evaluate the state of the art in their fi eld, and trace the devel- opment of their own work in creating this state of the art. In their chapters, they detail improved knowledge of motor impairment and neuroplasticity mechanisms; this knowledge is fundamental for a principled approach to neu- rorehabilitation technology design. They describe how they have not only incorporated robotic devices into their clinical practice, but then further refi ned these technologies based on their clinical experience. They highlight the potential of combination therapies with drugs, electrical stimulation, and brain-computer interfaces, to increase functional benefi ts achievable beyond hard limits set by neural destruction. And they describe the beginnings of the second wave of innovation in neurorehabilitation technology now occurring, this time driven by the worldwide emergence of wearable sensing, actuation, and computing for consumer health markets. New chapters selected for the second edition include motor challenge in neurorehabilitation, neural coupling in neurorehabilitation after stroke, clini- cal application of robots for children, overground exoskeletons for locomo- tion recovery, virtual reality and computer gaming for rehabilitation, wearable sensors, and brain-computer interfaces for rehabilitation therapy. Chapters published in the fi rst edition have also been updated and reorganized to refl ect the ongoing revolution. Volker and I hope that this book will inspire the next generation of innovators—clinicians, neuroscientists, and engineers—to move neurorehabilitation technology forward, thus benefi tting the next gen- eration of people with a neurologic impairment. T he editors thank Barbara Lopez-Lucio for her excellent technical support editing this book. Irvine , USA David Reinkensmeyer Zurich , Switzerland Volker Dietz Contents Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Introduction: Rationale for Machine Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Part I Basic Framework: Motor Recovery, Learning, and Neural Impairment 1 Learning in the Damaged Brain/Spinal Cord: Neuroplasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Andreas Luft , Amy J. Bastian , and Volker Dietz 2 Movement Neuroscience Foundations of Neurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Robert L. Sainburg and Pratik K. Mutha 3 Designing Robots That Challenge to Optimize Motor Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 David A. B rown , Timothy D. Lee , David J. Reinkensmeyer , and Jaime E. Duarte 4 Multisystem Neurorehabilitation in Rodents with Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Grégoire Courtine , Rubia van den Brand , Roland R. Roy , and V. Reggie Edgerton 5 Sensory-Motor Interactions and Error Augmentation . . . . . . . 79 James L. Patton and Felix C. Huang 6 Normal and Impaired Cooperative Hand Movements: Role of Neural Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Miriam Schrafl -Altermatt and Volker Dietz 7 Clinical Assessment and Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb Following Cervical Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Michelle Louise Starkey and Armin Curt Part II Human-Machine Interaction in Rehabilitation Practice 8 Application Issues for Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Markus Wirz and Rüdiger Rupp vii viii Contents 9 The Human in the Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Alexander C. Koenig and Robert Riener 10 Robotic and Wearable Sensor Technologies for Measurements/Clinical Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Olivier Lambercy , Serena Maggioni , Lars Lünenburger , Roger Gassert , and Marc Bolliger 11 Clinical Aspects for the Application of Robotics in Locomotor Neurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Volker Dietz 12 Clinical Application of Robotics and Technology in the Restoration of Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Alberto Esquenazi , Irin C. Maier , Tabea Aurich Schuler , Serafi n M. Beer , Ingo Borggraefe , Katrin Campen , Andreas R. Luft , Dimitrios Manoglou , Andreas Meyer-Heim , Martina R. Spiess , and Markus Wirz 13 Standards and Safety Aspects for Medical Devices in the Field of Neurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Burkhard Zimmermann 14 Clinical Application of Rehabilitation Technologies in Children Undergoing Neurorehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Hubertus J. A. van Hedel and Tabea Aurich (-Schuler) Part III Robots for Upper Extremity Recovery 15 Restoration of Hand Function in Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Derek G. K amper 16 Forging Mens et Manus: The MIT Experience in Upper Extremity Robotic Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Hermano I go Krebs , Dylan Edwards , and Neville Hogan 17 Three-Dimensional Multi-degree- of-Freedom Arm Therapy Robot (ARMin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Tobias Nef , Verena Klamroth-Marganska , Urs Keller , and Robert Riener 18 Implementation of Impairment- Based Neurorehabilitation Devices and Technologies Following Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Jules P. A. Dewald , Michael D. Ellis , Ana Maria Acosta , Jacob G. McPherson , and Arno H. A. Stienen Part IV Robotics for Locomotion Recovery 19 Technology of the Robotic Gait Orthosis Lokomat . . . . . . . . . . 395 Robert Riener Contents ix 20 Beyond Human or Robot Administered Treadmill Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Hermano Igo Krebs , Konstantinos Michmizos , Tyler Susko , Hyunglae Lee , Anindo Roy , and Neville Hogan 21 Toward Flexible Assistance for Locomotor Training: Design and Clinical Testing of a Cable- Driven Robot for Stroke, Spinal Cord Injury, and Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Ming Wu and Jill M. Landry 22 Robot-Aided Gait Training with LOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Edwin H. F. van Asseldonk and Herman van der Kooij 23 Robotic Devices for Overground Gait and Balance Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Joseph M. Hidler , Arno H. A. Stienen , and Heike Vallery 24 Using Robotic Exoskeletons for Over-Ground Locomotor Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Arun Jayaraman , Sheila Burt , and William Zev Rymer 25 Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy: Recovery of Function Following Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke . . . . . . . 513 Milos R. Popovic , Kei Masani , and Silvestro Micera 26 Passive Devices for Upper Limb Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Arthur Prochazka 27 Upper-Extremity Therapy with Spring Orthoses . . . . . . . . . . . 553 David J. Reinkensmeyer and Daniel K. Zondervan 28 Virtual Reality for Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Post Stroke: Design Principles and Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Sergi Bermúdez i Badia , Gerard G. Fluet , Roberto Llorens , and Judith E. Deutsch 29 Wearable Wireless Sensors for Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Andrew K. Dorsch , Christine E. King , and Bruce H. Dobkin 30 BCI-Based Neuroprostheses and Physiotherapies for Stroke Motor Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 Colin M. McCrimmon , Po T. Wang , Zoran Nenadic , and An H. Do Epilogue: What Lies Ahead? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
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