Neuropsychology

392 Pages·1991·25.032 MB·English

by  Bryan Kolb, Q. Ian (auth.), Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, Merrill Hiscock (eds.)

NEUROMETHODS 0 17
Neuropsychology
NEUROMETHODS
Program Editors: Alan A. Boulton and Glen B. Baker
1 General Neurochemical Techniques
Edited by Alan A. Boulton and Glen B. Baker, 1985
2. Amines and Their Metabolites
Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Judith M. Baker, 1985
3 Amino Acids
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and James D. Wood, 1985
4. Receptor Binding Techniques
Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Pave1 D. Hrdlna, 1986
5 Neurotransmitter Enzymes
Edited by A&n A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Peter H. Vu, 1986
6 Peptides
Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Quenlln Plttman, 1987
7. Lipids and Related Compounds
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Lloyd A. Horrocks, 1988
8. Imaging and Correlative Physkochemkal Techniques
Edited by Alan A. Boulfon, Glen B. Baker, and Donald P. Bolsvert, 1988
9 The Neuronal Mlcroentironment
Edtted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Wolfgang Walz, 1988
10. Analysis of Psychiatric Drugs
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Ronald 7’. Coutts, 1988
11 Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism
Edited by Alan A. Bvulton, Glen B. Baker, and Roger F. Butterworth, 1989
12. Drugs as Tools in Neurotransmitter Research
Edrted by Aian A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and August0 V. Juorio 1989
13 Psychopharmacology
Edited by Alan A. Bvulton, Glen B. Baker, and Andrew J. Greenshaw, 1989
14. Neurophyslological Techniques: Bask Methods and Concepts
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Case H. Vanderwolf, 1990
15. Neurophysiological Techniques: Applications to Neural Systems
Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Caee H. Vandenoolf, 1990
16. Molecular Neurobiological Techniques
Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen 8. Baker, and Anthony T. Campagnonl, 1990
17. Neuropsychology
Edited by Alan A. B&ton, Glen B. Baker, and Merrill Hlscock, 1990
NEUROMETHODS
Program Editors: Alan A. Boulton and Glen B. Baker
NEUROMETHODS q 17
Neuropsychology
Edited by
Alan A. Boulton
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Glen B. Baker
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
and
Merrill lfiscock
University of Houston, Houston, Terns
Humana Press Clifton, New Jersey
l
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Mam entry under title
Neuropsychology I edlted by Alan A Boulton, Glen B Baker, and
Mernll Hlscock.
P cm - (Neuromethods v 17)
Includes blbhographlcal references and index
ISBN 0-89603-133-O
1 Neuropsycholo@cal tests 2 Clmlcal neuropsychology
I Boulton, A A (Alan A ) II Baker, Glen B., 1947-
III Hlscock, Merrill IV. Senes
[DNLM. 1, Neuropsychology Wl NE3378 v 17 / WL 103 N493353]
RC386 6 N48N49 1990
152-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 89-26859
rev CIP
0 1990 The Humana Press Inc
Crescent Manor
PO Box 2148
Clifton, NJ 07015
All nghts reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored m a retrieval system, or transmitted m any
form or by any means, electromc, mechamcal, photocopymg, mlcrofilmmg, recordmg, or
otherwise without wntten permlsslon from the Pub&her
Prmted m the United States of America
Preface to the Series
When the President of Humana Press first suggested that a series
on methods in the neurosciences might be useful, one of us (AAB)
was quite skeptical; only after discussions with GBB and some
searching both of memory and library shelves did it seem that
perhaps the publisher was right. Although some excellent
methods books have recently appeared, notably in neuroanatomy,
it is a fact that there is a dearth in this particular field, a fact attested
to by the alacrity and enthusiasm with which most of the con-
tributors to this series accepted our invitations and suggested
additional topics and areas. After a somewhat hesitant start, es-
sentially in the neurochemistry section, the series has grown and
will encompass neurochemistry, neuropsychiatry, neurology,
neuropathology, neurogenetics, neuroethology, molecular
neurobiology, animal models of nervous disease, and no doubt
many more “neuros.” Although we have tried to include adequate
methodological detail and in many cases detailed protocols, we
have also tried to include wherever possible a short introductory
review of the methods and/or related substances, comparisons
with other methods, and the relationship of the substances being
analyzed to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recognizing
our own limitations, we have invited a guest editor to loin with us
on most volumes in order to ensure complete coverage of the field.
These editors will add their specialized knowledge and competen-
ties. We anticipate that this series will fill a gap; we can only hope
that it will be filled appropriately and with the right amount of
expertise with respect to each method, substance or group of
substances, and area treated
Alan A. Boulton
Glen B. Baker
u
Preface
If one envisages neuroscience as a pyramid, with the more molecu-
lar disciplines forming the base and the more integrative dis-
ciplines positioned above, then neuropsychology clearly would be
near the tip. Neuropsychology seeks to find order in the ultimate
product of all neural systems, namely behavior, and to relate that
product to its neural substrate. Relationships between brain and
behavior are sought, but reductionistic explanations are eschewed.
Attempting to “explain” complex behaviors in terms of neuronal
activity is no more satisfying than attempting to “explain” artificial
intelligence in terms of voltages within a computer’s central proc-
essing unit. If one is to comprehend the functioning of either the
brain or the digital computer, one must know something about not
only the structure and mechanics of the device, but also the princi-
ples according to which components of the device are organized
and the context in which the device is operating (e.g., environmen-
tal inputs and stored information).
This volume is intended not only for neuropsychologists but
also for those scientists whose work involves nonhuman species or
whose interests are focused on more molecular aspects of the
nervous system. To the extent that these scientists are concerned
about the potential relevance of their work to more global aspects
of nervous system functioning in humans, they will find some-
thing of interest here. Anticipating, therefore, that this volume will
reach a broad cross-section of neuroscientists, the editors made
two decisions to benefit readers who are not specialists in human
neuropsychology. First, we included an introductory section of
three chapters to describe how the methods of neuropsychology
evolved from disciplines as disparate as physiology and linguistics.
These introductory chapters will serve as a bridge between human
neuropsychology and other disciplines with which the reader may
be more familiar. These three chapters should also broaden the
perspective of readers who are specialists in neuropsychology.
Our second decision was to select a modest number of repre-
sentative topics rather than to attempt encyclopedic coverage of
uii
. . .
Preface
Vlll
the methods currently being used in neuropsychological research.
By choosing authors who are widely known for their work with a
major method or an important set of related methods, we are able
to depict some of the best research methodology in contemporary
neuropsychology.
The introductory chapter provides Bryan Kolb and Ian
Whishaw’s account of how human neuropsychology evolved from
other neuroscientific disciplines and how the parent disciplines
have influenced the methods of neuropsychology. Kolb and
Whishaw discuss not only the positive contributions of neurology
and psychiatry, anatomy, physiology, and comparative and physi-
ological psychology, but they also note the blind alleys and prob-
lematic methods that constitute part of neuropsychology’s heri-
tage. A somewhat different perspective is provided by John Boeg-
lin, Dan Bub, and Yves Joanette, who trace the development of
neuropsychological thinking from its roots in Western philosophy
to its current interaction with cognitive psychology. Boeglin et al.
emphasize the logic underlying different approaches to the study
of normal and brain-damaged humans. In the final chapter of the
introductory section, John Ryalls, Renee Beland, and Yves Joanette
describe the ways in which the theoretical frameworks of linguis-
tics and the multiple levels of linguistic analysis have influenced
neuropsychology in general and aphasiology in particular.
The next two chapters address the application of contempo-
rary brain imaging techniques to neuropsychological research. In
the first of these chapters, Terry Jernigan describes the two imag-
ing techniques- computed tomography and magnetic resonance
imaging-that provide information about structural characteristics
of the human brain in vivo. Jernigan illustrates ways in which these
techniques are being used in neuropsychological research and
identifies some common pitfalls to be avoided. Frank Wood, in the
companion chapter, addresses two other imaging techniques-
regional cerebral blood flow measurement and positron emission
tomography-that yield information about the physiological state
of different brain regions. Wood concludes his chapter with seven
specific suggestions for researchers who would use functional
imaging techniques to study brain-behavior correspondence in
humans.
The neuropsychological methods described in the following
three chapters are all associated with the surgical treatment of
Preface ix
medically intractable epilepsy. In the first of these three chapters,
Rebecca Rausch and Michael Risinger describe the intracarotid
sodium amobarbital (ISA) technique, which is used preoperatively
to determine which cerebral hemisphere is dominant for language
and memory and, thus, to estimate the risk of morbidity following
unilateral temporal lobectomy. In the following chapter, Eran
Zaidel, Dahlia Zaidel, and Joseph Bogen summarize the myriad of
techniques used to assess the mental functioning of patients whose
cerebral hemispheres have been surgically disconnected. With its
coverage ranging from basic issues of left and right hemisphere
competency to the most subtle aspects of methodology, the Zaidel
et al. chapter is the most comprehensive work available on
methods for examining the split-brain individual. In the next chap-
ter, Catherine Mateer, Richard Rapport, and Don Polly describe
the use of intraoperative electrical stimulation to map motor, sen-
sory, and language functions on the cerebral cortex of patients
about to undergo epilepsy surgery. Though emphasizing the clin-
ical utility of this technique, Mateer et al. show that it is also an
impressive research tool.
Insofar as perceptual asymmetries in the human are thought
to reflect the differential specialization of the left and right cerebral
hemispheres, researchers have attempted to document and com-
pare perceptual asymmetries obtained with different stimuli and
different subject populations. In his chapter, John Bradshaw
summarizes this complex and voluminous research literature.
Bradshaw examines visual, auditory, and tactile lateral@ methods
in turn, and considers various parameters and proceduralvariables
that may influence the results for each modality.
At the core of neuropsychology is the collection of methods
known as the neuropsychological assessment. These methods,
although used primarily for clinical evaluation of patients with
known or suspected brain dysfunction, also provide the data base
for much of the clinical research in neuropsychology. The next two
chapters address neuropsychological assessment from two differ-
ent points of view. Robert Bornstein discusses the neuropsycholo-
gical test batteries currently available for assessing adults. Born-
stein delineates the pros and cons of the “fixed” and “flexible”
batteries and contrasts different batteries with respect to theoreti-
cal, philosophical, and pragmatic criteria. He then summarizes the
empirical evidence pertaining to the most commonly used
x Preface
batteries. In their chapter, Jane Holmes-Bernstein and Deborah
Waber illustrate the point made by Boeglin et al. that the term
“method” may refer to the rationale of neuropsychological analysis
rather than to a specific technique. Holmes-Bernstein and Waber
view the neuropsychological evaluation of the child as an attempt
to characterize the “child-world system,” in which the maturing
child and the child’s environment exert reciprocal influences on
each other throughout development.
The contrasting perspectives of Bornstein and of Holmes-
Bernstein and Waber provide insight into the various objectives of
neuropsychological assessment, the various criteria against which
assessment methods may be judged, and the diverse approaches
being used. A similar conclusion applies to the volume as a whole.
No set of eleven chapters could cover the vast and rapidly changing
landscape of contemporary neuropsychology. Indeed, entire
monographs are devoted to relatively narrow topics such as the
dichotic listening method and the neuropsychology of motor dis-
orders. The eleven chapters in this volume, through their treat-
ment of some representative methods, reveal the scope and fun-
damental character of neuropsychological inquiry while, at the
same time, showing how neuropsychological methods are derived
from and related to methods used in other disciplines.
Merrill Hiscock
Contents
Preface to the Series ............................................................
Preface ................................................................................ vi
List of Contributors ............................................................ XIX
METHODS IN HUMAN NEUROPSYCHOLOGY: 1. CONTRIBU-
TIONS OF PHYSIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY,
AND NEUROLOGY
Bryan Kolb and Ian Q. Whishaw
1. Historical Background . . . ..*.....................*...........
1.1. Neuropsychology, the Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . :
1.2. Neuropsychology, the Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...*. 2
1.3. Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...*.. 3
1.4. The Loss and Recovery
of Neuropsychology .*.,*..........,.,...*...,....**.*.* 5
2. Neurology and Psychiatry .,.,.,,,.....*...*....,..*....... 7
2.1. Aphasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2. Apraxia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*........**.....
2.3. Sensory Systems ,**...*.****.....*.*................... ::
2.4. Affective Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .12
2.5. Summary: Numbers Are the Currency of
Science . , , . , . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.........,.,...,,.**.........
3. Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :;
4. Physiology . . . . . . . . . . .. ..#............................ . ...,..,.* 17
4.1. Brain Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
xi