Neuropsychological Assessments of Dementia in Down Syndrome and Intellectual Disabilities

222 Pages·2009·1.138 MB·English

by  M.L. Margallo-Lana, S.P. Tyrer, P.B. Moore (auth.), Vee P. Prasher (eds.)

Neuropsychological Assessments
of Dementia in Down Syndrome
and Intellectual Disabilities
Vee P. Prasher
Editor
Neuropsychological
Assessments of Dementia
in Down Syndrome and
Intellectual Disabilities
Editor
Vee P. Prasher
Liverpool John Moore University
C/o The Greenfields
Monyhull
Kings Norton
Birmingham
UK
ISBN: 978-1-84800-248-7 e-ISBN 978-1-84800-249-4
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-249-4
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939462
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To
Lesley Seeney my loyal and
accommodating secretary who has
for many years uncomplainingly
undertaken my work.
Preface
Up to the early 1980s neuropsychological assessments of persons with intellectual
disability (ID) usually meant an assessment for developmental delay, of intelligence
(intelligence quotient testing) or of level of adaptive behavior. Popular tests included
the Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Intelligence Scales, Bayley Scales of Infant Development,
the Griffin Mental Developmental Scales, and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale.
These were assessments of the “overall” level of ability. Arthur Dalton in New York
was one of a few pioneering clinicians who at this time, focused on the development
of tests for specific areas of cognition in persons with ID. Following his work, subse-
quent researchers, in the latter part of the twentieth century, have proposed and devel-
oped a number of measures not only to detect the level of cognitive abilities but also
to measure decline; a perquisite to the diagnosis of dementia.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century as demonstrated in this book, several
neuropsychological measures have been developed to aid the clinical diagnosis of
dementia/dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neuropsychological assessments
no longer remain the sole responsibility of psychologists, as psychiatrists, research-
ers, ID nurses, neuroscientists, all now play a part in the development and admin-
istration of specific tests.
As a consequence of the development in neuropsychological tests of older per-
sons with ID, there has been a steady growth in the publication of research reports,
case studies, reviews, drug trials, using such instruments. It is now standard practice
for at least one neuropsychological measure to be used in standard clinical practice,
and indeed internationally recognized diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of
dementia in AD often requires that at least one of these measures are used as part
of the diagnostic pathway.
It would be an injustice to the researchers and clinicians who developed these
tests for their tests to be appraised by myself. This book, therefore, contains a
review of the most important neuropsychological measures used in the assessment
of dementia by the researchers who developed or who are the principle researchers
associated with the tests. It is a tribute to such researchers that they themselves felt
the neuropsychological assessments of dementia in persons with ID remains an
important area of clinical care and as a result kindly contributed to this book.
The overall organization of this book is that the most popular and most widely
used tests have been given precedence in chapter order as compared to the newer,
vii
viii Preface
less well-developed tests. Test researchers were asked to cover a number of impor-
tant areas but also to discuss their personal views on the test. Where possible, to aid
readers, a sample page of each test has been included in the “Appendix” section.
This gives the readers a chance to catch sight of the layout of at least a few of the
test questions.
A few comments on terminology adopted in this text. The term “Alzheimer’s dis-
ease” has been used to denote the neuropathological disease process while “Dementia
in Alzheimer’s disease” (DAD) has been used to refer to the clinical aspects of the
neurodegenerative condition. Dementia in Alzheimer’s type (DAT) is used where it is
specifically used as a diagnostic term in the test measure. It is accepted that such
terms have not as yet gained universal acceptance. Further the term “intellectual
disability(ies)” is used in this text to be synonymous with “mental retardation,”
“learning disabilities,” “mental handicap,” and “intellectual handicap.”
Acknowledgment
I am indebted to the scholarly clinicians and researchers who have contributed so
benevolently and whose names are listed at the beginning of this book. Without
their support and contribution Neuropsychological Assessments of Down Syndrome
and Intellectual Disabilities would not exist.
ix
Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................. vii
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ ix
Contributors ................................................................................................... xiii
Abbreviations ................................................................................................. xviii
1 Overview of the Neuropsychological Assessment
of Dementia in Intellectual Disability .................................................. 1
M.L. Hanney, S.P. Tyrer, and P.B. Moore
2 Issues in Dementia Assessment Methods ............................................. 19
D.B. Burt
3 The Dementia Questionnaire for People
with Intellectual Disabilities .................................................................. 39
H.M. Evenhuis, M.M.F. Kengen , and H.A.L. Eurlings
4 Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome ................................................... 53
E. Jozsvai, P. Kartakis, and A. Gedye
5 The Dyspraxia Scale for Adults with Down Syndrome ...................... 67
A.J. Dalton
6 Adaptive Behavior Change and Dementia in Down Syndrome:
Case Classification Using the Adaptive Behavior Scale ..................... 91
W.B. Zigman, N. Schupf, T.K. Urv, and W. Silverman
7 The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of
Older People with Down’s Syndrome and Others with
Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS) .............................................. 107
A.J. Holland and S.L. Ball
xi
xii Contents
8 The Test for Severe Impairment ........................................................... 129
N.M. Mulryan, J.F. Tyrrell, M. Cosgrove, E.M. Reilly,
P. McCallion, and M. McCarron
9 The Cued Recall Test: Detection of Memory Impairment ................ 143
D.A. Devenny and S.J. Krinsky-McHale
10 The Adaptive Behavior Dementia Questionnaire (ABDQ) ................ 163
V.P. Prasher
11 Strengths of Previous Work and Future Challenges .......................... 177
D.B. Burt
Appendix 1 Questions on Clinical Usefulness of Scales,
Tests, and Techniques .................................................................................... 189
Appendix 2 Dementia Questionaire for People with
Intellectual Disabilities .................................................................................. 191
Appendix 3 Scoring Sheet for the Dyspraxia Scale
for Adults with Down Syndrome .................................................................. 193
Appendix 4 Part One Domain I. Independent Functioning ................... 195
Appendix 5 Memory and Orientation ....................................................... 197
Appendix 6 Case Study ............................................................................... 199
Appendix 7 Test For Severe Impairment .................................................. 207
Appendix 8 The Adaptive Behavior Dementia
Questionnaire (ABDQ) .................................................................................. 211
Index ................................................................................................................ 213