Neuronal Death by Accident or by Design

161 Pages·2001·4.04 MB·English

by  D. W. Ethell

RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN NEUROSCIENCES
Fondation Ipsen
Editor
Yves Christen, Fondation Ipsen, Paris (France).
Editorial Board
Albert Aguayo, McGill University, Montreal (Canada).
Philippe Ascher, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris (France).
Alain Berthoz, College de France, CNRS UPR 2, Paris (France).
Jean-Marie Besson, INSERM U 161, Paris (France).
Emilio Bizzi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston (USA).
Anders Bjorklund, University of Lund, Lund (Sweden).
Ira Black, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway (USA).
Floyd Bloom, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla (USA).
Joel Bockaert, Centre CNRS-INSERM de Pharmacologie Endocrinologie,
Montpellier (France).
Pierre Buser, Institut des Neurosciences, Paris (France).
Jean-Pierre Changeux, College de France, Institut Pasteur, Paris (France).
Carl Cotman, University of California, Irvine (USA).
Stephen Dunnett, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (UK).
George Fink, Medical Research Council, Edinburgh (UK).
Fred Gage, Salk Institute, La Jolla (USA).
Jacques Glowinski, College de France, Paris (France).
Claude Kordon, INSERM U 159, Paris (France).
Michel Lacour, CNRS URA 372, Marseille (France).
MichelLe Moal, INSERM U 259, Bordeaux (France).
Gary Lynch, University of California, Irvine (USA).
Brenda Milner, McGill University, Montreal (Canada).
John Olney, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis (USA).
Alain Privat, INSERM U 336, Montpellier (France).
Allen Roses, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (USA).
Constantino Sotelo, INSERM U 106, Paris (France).
Jean-Didier Vincent, Institut Alfred Fessard, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette (France).
Bruno Will, Centre de Neurochimie du CNRS/INSERM U 44,
Strasbourg (France).
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
C. E. Henderson D. Green
J. Mariani Y. Christen (Eds.)
Neuronal Death by Accident
or by Design
With 29 Figures and 4 Tables
Springer
Henderson, Christopher E., Ph. D. Mariani, jean, Ph. D.
INSERM U.382 - IBDM CNRS et Universite Pierre
Campus de Luminy, Case 907 et Marie Curie
13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France Institut des Neurosciences, UMR 7624
E-mail: [email protected] 9 quai Saint Bernard
75005 Paris, France
Green, Douglas R., Ph. D. E-mail: [email protected]
La Jolla Institute for Allergy
and Immunology Christen, Yves, Ph. D.
Division of Cellular Immunology Fondation IPSEN
10355 Science Center Drive Pour la Recherche Therapeutique
San Diego, CA 92121, USA 24, rue Erlanger
E-mail: [email protected] 75781 Paris Cedex 16, France
E-mail:
[email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-07517-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pulication Data
Neuronal death by accident or by design /C. E. Henderson ... [et al.]. p. em.- (Research and perspec
tives in neurosciences). Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-642-07517-9 ISBN 978-3-662-04333-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-04333-2
1. Neurons - Congresses. 2. Aptoptosis - Congresses. I. Henderson, C. E. (Christopher E.) II. Series.
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Preface
The nervous system was one of the first sites in which the process of cell
death was thoroughly studied, and the explosion of research in this area over
the last decade has brought with it huge advances in our understanding of
the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. Nevertheless, the excessive
neuronal death in the brain that underlies neuro-degenerative disease is still
essentially incurable. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's
disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) kill tens of thousands of
people and yet we still now very little about the pathological processes that
lead from the initial trigger to degeneration and death.
The aim of the Colloque Medecine et Recherche organized by the Fonda
tion Ipsen in Paris (October 9, 2000) upon which this book is based was to
bring together scientists from both ends of the spectrum of research into
neuronal cell death. On one hand, four chapters represent the intense current
effort to understand the way in which the mitochondrion controls the activa
tion of the final stages of cell death. Such has been the impact of this area of
research that it is now almost impossible to remember that, only a few years
ago, very few of us would have singled out this organelle as a site for key
events in apoptosis, and none of us would have guessed that cytochrome c
played an irreplaceable role in the process.
Another four articles attack the problem from the other side. How do spe
cific insults in particular human or mouse neuro-degenerative diseases trans
late into mechanisms that will not only allow us to better understand what is
happening in these patients but also, with luck, allow for development of more
efficient and specific drugs in the future? In the middle of the spectrum, devel
opmental neuronal death is demonstrated by four other chapters to be far more
complex and varied than one would have supposed even five years ago.
Each chapter provides fascinating new insights into the mechanisms un
derlying neuronal loss. Taken together, however, they seem to point to three
general messages:
First, the concept of a central common cell death pathway, originally de
rived from studies on the nematode, has been an outstandingly productive
paradigm in bringing together different strands of research from fields as
different as oncology, developmental biology and neurology. However, the
complexity of the nervous system perhaps strains it to the limit. Different
neurons die by different mechanisms, and even similar neurons can engage
different pathways as a response to different death triggers.
VI Preface
Secondly, truly striking links have been made between results obtained
in the culture dish (or even cell-free systems) and the diseased human brain.
Nevertheless, there are still major grey areas that differentiate the two types
of study. The duration of human pathological neuronal loss over periods of
years has attracted much interest and speculation, but as yet no truly con
vincing explanation. Neurons might for long periods be unhealthy (and
therefore dysfunctional) and this state clearly requires more characterization
and study.
Lastly, in spite of the thousands of articles in all the best journals, we
still have a lot to learn. This is as true for the complex ballet of interactions
between Bcl-2 family members at the mitochondrial membrane upstream of
cytochrome c release as it is for more general problems such as the means
by which cells can engage caspase-independent programmed cell death. In
either case, this knowledge will be vital for any structured approach to the
problem of neuronal cell death, and probably necessary if the degeneration
and loss of neurons in human patients is ever to be prevented for a signifi
cant period of time.
We hope that the articles assembled here will provide a useful contribu
tion to ongoing changes in our way of thinking. We take this opportunity of
taking Jacqueline Mervaillie and her staff for their outstanding skill and tact
in the organization of the meeting and Mary Lynn Gage for editorial assis
tance.
Summer 2001 CHRISTOPHER HENDERSON
DouGLAS GREEN
JEAN MARIANI
YVES CHRISTEN
Contents
Mitochondria and Apoptosis, the Stepping Stones on the Path to Death
D. W. ETHELL and D. R. GREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization in Physiological
and Pathological Cell Death
L. RAVAGNAN and G. KROEMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . .
Bcl-2 Family Members and Permeabilization
of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
0. TERRADILLOS, X. Roucou, S. DA CRuz, B. SANCHEZ,
and }.-C. MARTINOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7. . . . . . .
Roles for Fas in Programmed Cell Death of Motoneurons
c.
RAOUL, G. UGOLINI, A. ESTEVEZ, B. PETTMANN,
and C. E HENDERSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 3. . . . . . . .
Events that Commit Neurons to Die After Trophic Factor Deprivation
G. V. PuTCHA, M. DESHMUKH, and E. M. JoHNSON, }R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Normal Programmed Cell Death of Developing Avian
and Mammalian Neurons Following Inhibition
or Genetic Deletion of Caspases
R. w. OPPENHEIM, C.-Y. KUAN, D. PREVETTE, P. RAKIC,
and H. YAGINUMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 1. . . . . . . . .
Caspases and Their Regulation in Apoptosis During Brain Development
C.-Y. KuAN, R.A. FLAVELL, and P. RAKIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. 5. . .
Apoptotic Neurodegeneration in the Developing Brain
C. IKONOMIDOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 . . . . . . . . .
Apoptosis, Glial Cells and Parkinson's Disease
E. c. HIRSCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 . . . . . . . . .
Mechanisms of Neuronal Death:
An in vivo Study in the Lurcher Mutant Mice
F. SELIMI, A. CAMPANA, J. BAKOUCHE, A. LOHOF, M. w. VOGEL,
and J. MARIANI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 . . . . . . . .
VIII Contents
Neuronal Death in Huntington's Disease: Multiple Pathways
for One Issue?
S. HUMBERT and F. SAUDOU • . • • • • • . • • . • • • . • • . . • . • • • • . • • • . • • 137
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 5. 3. . . . . . . .
list of Contributors
BAKOUCHE, J.
Laboratoire Developpement et Vieillissement du Systeme Nerveux,
Institut des Neurosciences, UMR 7624, CNRS et Universite Pierre
et Marie Curie, Boite 14, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
CAMPANA, A.
Laboratoire Developpement et Vieillissement du Systeme Nerveux,
Institut des Neurosciences, UMR 7624, CNRS et Universite Pierre
et Marie Curie, Boite 14, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
s.
DACRUZ,
Departement de Biologie Cellulaire, Sciences III, 30, quai E-Ansermet,
1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
DESHMUKH, M.
Departments of Neurology and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology,
Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
EsTEVEZ, A.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama,
Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
ETHELL, D. W.
Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy
and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive; San Diego, CA 92121, USA
FLAVELL, R. A.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Section of Immunobiology,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
GREEN, D.R.
Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy
and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121. USA
HENDERSON, C. E.
INSERM U.382, IBDM (CNRS - INSERM - Univ. Mediterranee),
Campus de Luminy- Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
X List of Contributors
c.
HIRSCH, E.
INSERM U289, Neurologie et Therapeutique Experimentale,
H6pital de la Salpetriere, 47, Boulevard de l'H6pital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13,
France
HUMBERT, S.
lnstitut Curie, Laboratoire Raymond LATARJET, Bat. 110-112,
Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
IKONOMIDOU, C.
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charite, Virchow Clinics,
Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
JoHNSON, E.M. JR.
Departments of Neurology and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology,
Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
KROEMER, G.
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 1599,
lnstitut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
KUAN, C.-Y.
Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, C310A SHM,
333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
LOHOF, A.
Laboratoire Developpement et Vieillissement du Systeme Nerveux,
Institut des Neurosciences, UMR 7624, CNRS et Universite Pierre
et Marie Curie, Boite 14, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
MARIANI, J.
Laboratoire Developpement et Vieillissement du Systeme Nerveux,
Institut des Neurosciences, UMR 7624, CNRS et Universite Pierre
et Marie Curie, Boite 14, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
MARTINOU, J.-C.
Departement de Biologie Cellulaire, Sciences III, 30, quai E-Ansermet,
1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
OPPENHEIM, R. w.
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and the Neuroscience Program,
Wake Forest University Medical School, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
PETTMANN, B.
INSERM U.382, IBDM (CNRS- INSERM- Univ. Mediterranee),
Campus de Luminy- Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
PREVETTE, D.
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and the Neuroscience Program,
Wake Forest University Medical School, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA