Neurology: Image-Based Clinical Review

578 Pages·2016·48.29 MB·English

by  Jonathan Howard

Neurology Image-Based
Clinical Review

Neurology Image-Based
Clinical Review
Jonathan Howard, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurology and Clerkship Director
Clinical Neurological Sciences
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, New York
Anuradha Singh, MD
Clinical Associate Professor
Chief of Neurology
Director of Clinical Neurophysiology/EEG Laboratory
Bellevue Epilepsy Center
Bellevue Hospital Center
New York, New York
NEW YORK
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Howard, Jonathan, 1975- , author. | Singh, Anuradha, author.
Title: Neurology image-based clinical review / Jonathan Howard, Anuradha
Singh.
Description: New York, NY : Demos Medical Publishing, [2016] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifi ers: LCCN 2016013927| ISBN 9781620701034 | ISBN 9781617052804 (e-book
ISBN)
Subjects: | MESH: Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological | Nervous System
Diseases—therapy | Neuroimaging | Clinical Medicine—methods | Neurologic
Examination | Diagnosis, Differential | Case Reports
Classifi cation: LCC RC346 | NLM WL 141 | DDC 616.8/0475—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016013927
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Contents
Abbreviations xi 3.17. Posterior Reversible
Preface xv Encephalopathy Syndrome 115
Acknowledgments xvii
Share Neurology Image-Based Clinical Review 4. Neoplastic Diseases 117
4.1. Glioblastoma 119
1. Ischemia 1 4.2. Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma 126
1.1. Ischemic Stroke 3 4.3. Oligodendroglioma 130
1.2. Brainstem Stroke Syndromes 18 4.4. Primary Central Nervous
1.3. Cerebellar Strokes 22 System Lymphoma 132
1.4. Lacunar Strokes 25 4.5. Dysembryoplastic
1.5. Watershed Strokes 27 Neuroepithelial Tumor 135
1.6. Hypoxic/Ischemic Injury 30 4.6. Ependymoma 137
1.7. Sinus Venous Thrombosis 33 4.7. Subependymoma 141
1.8. Cerebral Autosomal Dominant 4.8. Medulloblastoma 143
Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts 4.9. Ganglioglioma 145
and Leukoencephalopathy 38 4.10. Hemangiopericytoma 147
1.9. Sickle Cell Disease 40 4.11. Pineoblastoma 149
1.10. Spinal Cord Stroke 43 4.12. Germinoma of Pineal Gland 151
1.11. Microvascular Disease 46 4.13. Central Neurocytoma 155
4.14. Hypothalamic Hamartoma 157
2. Hemorrhage 49 4.15. Clivus Chordoma 159
2.1. Hypertensive Hemorrhage 51 4.16. Corpus Callosum Lipoma 162
2.2. Lobar Hemorrhages 57 4.17. Meningioma 164
2.3. Amyloid Beta Related Angiitis 60 4.18. Vestibular Schwannoma 177
2.4. Hemorrhagic Conversion of 4.19. Glomus Jugulare 182
Ischemic Stroke 62 4.20. Esthesioneuroblastoma 184
2.5. Hemorrhagic Tumor 64 4.21. Spinal Epidural Metastases 186
2.6. Spinal Epidural Hematoma 66 4.22. Cerebral Metastases 188
3. Vascular Malformations/Diseases 5. Pituitary Disorders 193
of Blood Vessels 69 5.1. Pituitary Adenoma 195
3.1. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 71 5.2. Craniopharyngioma 201
3.2. Aneurysms 75 5.3. Rathke’s Cleft Cyst 204
3.3. Dissections 81 5.4. Lymphocytic Hypophysitis 206
3.4. Central Nervous System Vasculitis 84 5.5. Pituitary Apoplexy 208
3.5. Moyamoya Disease 86
3.6. Arteriovenous Malformations 89 6. Cystic Lesions 211
3.7. Capillary Telangiectasia 94 6.1. Arachnoid Cyst 213
3.8. Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 96 6.2. Colloid Cyst of Third Ventricle 216
3.9. Developmental Venous Anomalies 100 6.3. Epidermoid Cyst 219
3.10. Dolichoectasia of 6.4. Ruptured Dermoid Cyst 222
Vertebrobasilar Artery 102
3.11. Fenestration of the Basilar Artery 104 7. Demyelinating Diseases 225
3.12. Persistent Trigeminal Artery 106 7.1. Multiple Sclerosis 227
3.13. Kissing Carotids 108 7.2. Optic Neuritis 238
3.14. Absence of the Internal 7.3. Neuromyelitis Optica 241
Carotid Arteries 110 7.4. Acute Disseminated
3.15. Carotid Paragangliomas 112 Encephalomyelitis 247
3.16. Nonaneurysmal Perimesencephalic 7.5. Susac’s Syndrome 249
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 114
viii Contents
7.6. Adrenoleukodystrophy 251 11.11. Radiation Necrosis 394
7.7. Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease 253 11.12. Carbon Monoxide 396
7.8. Krabbe’s Disease 255 11.13. Transient Signal Alterations in Splenium
7.9. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy 257 of Corpus Callosum 398
8. Epilepsy 259 12. Pediatrics 401
8.1. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 261 12.1. Acute Cerebellar Ataxia 403
8.2. Frontal Lobe Epilepsy 270 12.2. Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage 405
8.3. Limbic Encephalitis 273 12.3. Hypoxic-Ischemic
8.4. Status Epilepticus 276 Encephalopathy 409
8.5. Infantile Spasms 280 12.4. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy,
8.6. Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome 285 Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes
8.7. Childhood Absence Epilepsy 290 (MELAS) 414
8.8. Rasmussen’s Encephalitis 292 12.5. Septo-Optic Dysplasia 417
12.6. Aicardi Syndrome 419
9. Infectious Diseases 295 12.7. Joubert’s Syndrome 421
9.1. HIV Dementia Complex 297 12.8. Fabry’s Disease 422
9.2. HIV-Associated Vacuolar 12.9. Pantothenate Kinase-Associated
Myelopathy 299 Neurodegeneration 424
9.3. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis 301 12.10. Polymicrogyria 426
9.4. Ramsay Hunt Syndrome 303 12.11. Rhombencephalosynapsis 428
9.5. Progressive Multifocal 12.12. Schizencephaly 430
Leukoencephalopathy 305 12.13. Porencephaly 433
9.6. Tuberculous Meningitis 309 12.14. Colpocephaly 435
9.7. Bacterial Meningitis 313 12.15. Holoprosencephaly 437
9.8. Intracerebral Abscess 315 12.16. Lissencephaly 440
9.9. Spinal Epidural Abscess 318 12.17. Hydranencephaly 442
9.10. Neurocysticercosis 320 12.18. Aqueductal Stenosis 444
9.11. Toxoplasmosis 325 12.19. Neurenteric Cyst 447
9.12. Aspergillosis 329 12.20. Diastematomyelia 449
9.13. Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease 332 12.21. Chiari I Malformation 451
12.22. Chiari II Malformation 454
10. Neurodegenerative Diseases 335 12.23. Dandy–Walker Syndrome 457
10.1. Alzheimer ’s Disease 337 12.24. Tethered Cord Syndrome 460
10.2. Frontotemporal Dementia 342 12.25. Vein of Galen Malformation 462
10.3. Huntington’s Disease 345
10.4. Parkinson’s Disease 347 13. Neurocutaneous Syndromes 465
10.5. Multiple System Atrophy 352 13.1. Neurofi bromatosis Type 1 467
10.6. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 356 13.2. Neurofi bromatosis Type 2 471
10.7. Corticobasal Degeneration 358 13.3. Sturge–Weber Syndrome 475
10.8. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 360 13.4. von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome 479
10.9. Wilson’s Disease 364 13.5. Tuberous Sclerosis 482
10.10. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 366
14. Trauma 489
11. Toxic/Metabolic Disorders 371 14.1. Epidural Hematoma 491
11.1. Central Pontine Myelinolysis 373 14.2. Subdural Hematoma 493
11.2. Familial Cerebrovascular 14.3. Hemorrhagic Contusions 495
Ferrocalcinosis 375 14.4. Diffuse Axonal Injury 497
11.3. Hepatic Encephalopathy 377 14.5. Gunshot Wound 499
11.4. Cerebellar Atrophy 379
11.5. Cyclosporin Toxicity 381 15. Miscellaneous 501
11.6. Heroin Leukoencephalopathy 383 15.1. Behcet’s Disease 503
11.7. Marchiafava–Bignami Disease 385 15.2. Neurosarcoidosis 506
11.8. B12 Defi ciency 386 15.3. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 511
11.9. Copper Defi ciency Myelopathy 389 15.4. Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome 513
11.10. Wernicke’s Encephalopathy 391 15.5. Orbital Pseudotumor 515
Contents ix
15.6. Orbital Cavernous Venous 15.12. Copper-Beaten Skull 530
Malformation 517 15.13. Tension Pneumocephalus 531
15.7. Dilated Perivascular Spaces 519 15.14. Cervical Spondylotic
15.8. Fibrous Dysplasia of the Skull 521 Myelopathy 533
15.9. Hyperostosis Frontalis 523 15.15. Spinal Disc Herniation 535
15.10. Idiopathic Intracranial 15.16. Ankylosing Spondylitis 538
Hypertension 525 15.17. Brain Herniation Syndromes 540
15.11. Intracranial Hypotension 528 15.18. Brain Death 545
Index 547