Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and Management

434 Pages·2002·8.261 MB·English

by  Paul L. Wood

N
EUROINFLAMMATION
Mechanisms and Management
S E
ECOND DITION
Edited by
P L. W
AUL OOD
H P
UMANA RESS
N
EUROINFLAMMATION
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N
EUROINFLAMMATION
Mechanisms and Management
S E
ECOND DITION
Edited by
P L. W
AUL OOD
Oxon Medica
South San Francisco, CA
H P
UMANA RESS
T , N J
OTOWA EW ERSEY
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neuroinflammation : mechanisms and management / edited by Paul L. Wood.-- 2nd ed.
p. ; cm. -- (Contemporary neuroscience)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58829-002-6 (alk. paper) 1-59259-297-X (e-book)
1. Nervous system--Degeneration--Immunological aspects. 2. Inflammation. 3. Neuritis.
4. Inflammation--Mediators. 5. Nervous system--Pathophysiology. I. Wood, Paul L. II.
Series.
[DNLM: 1. Neurodegenerative Diseases--immunology. 2. Anti-Inflammatory
Agents--pharmacology. 3. Inflammation--immunology. 4. Nerve
Degeneration--immunology. 5. Neurodegenerative Diseases--drug therapy. WL 359
N49483 2003]
RC363 .N48 2003
616.8’0479--dc21
2002038760
P
REFACE
The first edition of Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms and Management was the first
book to organize the early concepts of neuroinflammatory mechanisms and the role of
these processes in complex neurodegenerative diseases. The field is unique in the neu-
roscience area in that it has required the skills and experimental analyses of an extremely
diverse array of scientific and clinical research groups. This field includes publications
from neurologists, psychiatrists, pathologists, clinical imaging groups, neurophysiolo-
gists, neurochemists, immunologists, molecular biologists, anatomists, biochemists, and
pharmacologists. This field has also generated excitement in both academic and pharma-
ceutical research arenas, and since the last edition of this book, has resulted in the intro-
duction of two novel inhibitors of neuroinflammation into clinical trials. These include
CEP-1347 for Parkinson’s disease and CPI-1189 for Alzheimer’s disease. Both com-
pounds are currently in Phase II clinical trials, and pivotal efficacy data should be avail-
able within the next 3 years.
In the second edition, we have included extensive updates of new knowledge of the
mediators produced by activated microglia and their role in neuroinflammatory-induced
neuronal lysis. In addition, we have increased the coverage of animal models used in the
study of neuroinflammatory mechanisms and in the new imaging methods that allow the
noninvasive evaluation of microglial activation in human neurodegenerative disorders.
These imaging techniques have demonstrated that microglial activation and the associated
neuroinflammation precedes neuronal degeneration in a number of clinical conditions.
Another important aspect of neuroinflammation that has evolved since the first
edition of this book is the role of neuroinflammation in amyloid-dependent neuronal
lysis. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicate that amyloid is unlikely to be directly
neurotoxic, but that amyloid deposition activates neuroinflammatory processes that
lead to neuronal degeneration.
In summary, the field of neuroinflammation is evolving rapidly and advancing new
potential therapeutics into clinical trials. When scientific concepts result in drugs with
clinical utility, a research field has achieved significant maturity and productivity. I
hope that this maturity, and its benefit to the treatment of devastating neurological
disorders, is solidly in place for the next edition of Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms
and Management.
Paul L. Wood
v

C
ONTENTS
Preface............................................................................................................................v
Contributors...................................................................................................................ix
I. NEUROINFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS
1 Microglia: Roles of Microglia in Chronic Neurodegenerative
Diseases ........................................................................................3
Paul L. Wood
2 Apoptosis vs Nonapoptotic Mechanisms
in Neurodegeneration .................................................................29
Kurt A. Jellinger
3 Role(s) of Mitogen and Stress-Activated Kinases
in Neurodegeneration..................................................................89
Christopher C. J. Miller, Steven Ackerley, Janet Brownlees,
Andrew J. Grierson, and Paul Thornhill
4 Roles of Chemokines and Their Receptors
in Neuroinflammation ................................................................99
Andrzej R. Glabinski and Richard M. Ransohoff
5 Neurotoxic Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide .....................................117
Kathleen M. K. Boje
6 Chronic Intracerebral LPS as a Model of Neuroinflammation......137
Gary L. Wenk and Beatrice Hauss-Wegrzyniak
7 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonists:
Potential Therapeutic Agents for Neuroinflammation............151
Gary E. Landreth, Sophia Sundararajan,
and Michael T. Heneka
8 Neuroinflammation-Mediated Neurotoxin Production
in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Potential of Nitrones
as Therapeutics.........................................................................171
Robert A. Floyd and Kenneth Hensley
II. STROKE AND TBI
9 Inflammation and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Approaches
in Stroke....................................................................................189
Jari Koistinaho and Juha Yrjänheikki
10 Neuroinflammation as an Important Pathogenic Mechanism
in Spinal Cord Injury................................................................215
Yuji Taoka and Kenji Okajima
11 Type IV Collagenases and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown
in Brain Ischemia......................................................................237
Yvan Gasche, Jean-Christophe Copin, and Pak H. Chan
vii
viii Contents
III. ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
12 Neuroinflammatory Environments Promote Amyloid-β
Deposition and Posttranslational Modification .......................249
Craig S. Atwood, Mark A. Smith, Ralph N. Martins,
Rudolph E. Tanzi, Alex E. Roher, Ashley I. Bush,
and George Perry
13 Microglial Responses in Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Studies
in Transgenic Mice and Alzheimer’s Disease Brains..............267
Douglas G. Walker and Lih-Fen Lue
14 The Amyloid Hypothesis of Cognitive Dysfunction ...................283
Dave Morgan and Marcia N. Gordon
15 The Cerebellum in AD: A Case for Arrested
Neuroinflammation?.................................................................295
Paul L. Wood
16 The Neuroinflammatory Components of the Trimethyltin
(TMT) Model of Hippocampal Neurodegeneration................301
G. Jean Harry and Christian Lefebvre d’Hellencourt
17 Inflammation and Cyclo-Oxygenase in Alzheimer’s Disease:
Experimental Approaches and Therapeutic Implications.......331
Patrick Pompl, Tara Brennan, Lap Ho,
and Giulio Maria Pasinetti
IV. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
18 Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ...........................345
Hans-Peter Hartung and Bernd C. Kieseier
19 Neuroimmunologic Mechanisms in the Etiology of Multiple
Sclerosis....................................................................................359
Claudia F. Lucchinetti, W. Brück, and Hans Lassmann
20 In Vivo Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative
Diseases ....................................................................................379
Annachiara Cagnin, Alexander Gerhard,
and Richard B. Banati
V. PARKINSON’S AND HUNTINGTON’S DISEASES
21 Inflammatory Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease.....................391
Joseph Rogers and Carl J. Kovelowski
22 Neuroinflammatory Components of the 3-Nitropropionic Acid
Model of Striatal Neurodegeneration.......................................405
Hideki Hida, Hiroko Baba, and Hitoo Nishino
Index...........................................................................................................................417
C
ONTRIBUTORS
STEVEN ACKERLEY • Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology,
Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK
CRAIG S. ATWOOD • Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
HIROKO BABA • Department of Physiology, Nagoya City University School
of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
RICHARD B. BANATI • Clinical Sciences Centre, PET-Neurology, Hammersmith Hospital;
and Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Department
of Neuropathology (Molecular Neuropsychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial
College, London, UK
KATHLEEN M. K. BOJE • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo School
of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY
TARA BRENNAN • Neuroinflammation Research Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
JANET BROWNLEES • Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Institute
of Psychiatry, Kings College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK
W. BRÜCK • Department of Neuropathology, Charité, Humboldt University,
Berlin, Germany
ASHLEY I. BUSH • Laboratory for Oxidation Biology, Genetics and Aging Unit,
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
ANNACHIARA CAGNIN • Clinical Sciences Centre, PET-Neurology, Hammersmith
Hospital, London, UK; and Department of Neurological Sciences, Padua University,
Padua, Italy
PAK H. CHAN • Neurological Laboratories, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
JEAN-CHRISTOPHE COPIN • Neurological Laboratories, Stanford University, Stanford, CA;
and Divisions of Surgical and Medical Critical Care, Geneva University Hospital,
Geneva, Switzerland
CHRISTIAN LEFEBVRE D’HELLENCOURT • Neurotoxicology Group, National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
ROBERT A. FLOYD • Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma
Medical Research Foundation; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
YVAN GASCHE • Neurological Laboratories, Stanford University, Stanford, CA;
and Divisions of Surgical and Medical Critical Care, Geneva University Hospital,
Geneva, Switzerland
ALEXANDER GERHARD • Clinical Sciences Centre, PET-Neurology, Hammersmith
Hospital, London, UK
ANDRZEJ R. GLABINSKI • Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz,
Lodz, Poland
MARCIA N. GORDON • Department of Pharmacology, Alzheimer’s Research Laboratory,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
ANDREW J. GRIERSON • Academic Neurology Unit, The Medical School, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
ix