Neuroimmunological Diseases PDF
Preview Neuroimmunological Diseases
Neuroimmunological Diseases Susumu Kusunoki Editor 123 Neuroimmunological Diseases ThiSisaFMBlankPage Susumu Kusunoki Editor Neuroimmunological Diseases Editor SusumuKusunoki DepartmentofNeurology KindaiUniversitySchoolofMedicine Osaka-Sayama Japan ISBN978-4-431-55593-3 ISBN978-4-431-55594-0 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-4-431-55594-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016941930 ©SpringerJapan2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerJapanKK Preface Neuroimmunological diseases comprise neurological disorders caused by immu- nological mechanisms. Affected areas are varied: the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica (NMO), the peripheral nerve in Guillain-Barre´ syndrome (GBS), and the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis. There are many players involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of neuroimmunological diseases, including autoantibodies, activated lymphocytes, macrophages,cytokines,chemokines,andothers. I served as chairman of the Research Committee on Neuroimmunological Diseases sponsored by the Ministry ofHealth, Labour andWelfareof Japan from 2008to2014.Duringthatperiod,manynovelresearchfindingswerereportedinthe annual meetings of the committee. This book is intended to provide readers with cutting-edge research on neuroimmunological diseases by collecting the papers mainlyfromthemembersoftheresearchcommittee. The book is divided into 18 chapters. Basic immunology associated with neuroimmunologicaldiseasesaredescribedintheearlychapters.Intheremaining chapters,individualdiseasesaredescribedwithregardtoepidemiology,pathogen- esis, diagnosis, treatment, and so on. Recently, several autoantibodies have been reportedinneuroimmunologicaldiseases.Forexample,aquaporin-4antibodiesare specifically detected in NMO. Antibodies to glycolipids such as gangliosides are frequentlydetectedinGBS.Inparticular,GQ1bantibodiesarespecificallydetected in most patients with Fisher syndrome, a subtype of GBS. In myasthenia gravis (MG), acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are well known. In addition, in AChR antibody-negative cases, other antibodies including muscle-specific kinase antibodies have been reported. Several autoantibodies, including N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies, have been reported in autoimmune encephalitis.Thoseautoantibodiesarenotonlyusefuldiagnosticmarkersbutalso causative factors directly involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms. In multiple sclerosis, significant progress has been made in the research of cell-mediated immunitiesandingeneticanalyses.Therapeuticstrategieshavealsobeenimproved recentlyinneuroimmunologicaldiseases.Thisbookcoversthoserecentadvances. v vi Preface I am convinced that the book is useful for clinical neurologists as well as researchersinneuroimmunology. Iwouldliketothanktheauthorsfortheirsuperbcontributions.Wewouldalso liketoexpressourappreciation toSpringer for givingus anopportunitytogather ourworksforpublication. Osaka-Sayama,Japan SusumuKusunoki Contents PartI BasicImmunology 1 CellularImmunityandMultipleSclerosis:Current Understanding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 WakiroSatoandTakashiYamamura 2 GliainNeuroimmunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AkioSuzumura 3 AnimalModelsfortheStudyofNeuroimmunologicalDisease. . . . 33 J.LudovicCroxfordandSachikoMiyake 4 Blood–BrainBarrierandBlood–NerveBarrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 YasuteruSanoandTakashiKanda PartII ClinicalImmunology 5 MultipleSclerosis:EtiologyandMechanism,withSpecial ReferencetoAsians. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 73 Jun-ichiKira 6 MultipleSclerosis:DiagnosisandTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 MakotoMatsui 7 NeuropsychologicalAspectsofMultipleSclerosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 MasaakiNiino 8 NeuromyelitisOptica:DiagnosisandTreatment. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 135 YujiNakatsuji,MakotoKinoshita,TatsusadaOkuno,KazushiroTakata, ToruKoda,JosepheA.Honorat,SaburoSakoda,andHidekiMochizuki 9 Guillain-Barre´ Syndrome:Epidemiology,Diagnosis, andTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 SusumuKusunoki vii viii Contents 10 AutoantibodiesinGuillain-Barre´ Syndrome(GBS). . . . . . . . . . . . 165 KenichiKaida 11 FisherSyndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 AtsuroChiba 12 POEMSSyndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 SatoshiKuwabaraandSonokoMisawa 13 TreatmentofMyastheniaGravisAfterthe2014Japanese ClinicalGuideline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 MasakatsuMotomura,RukaNakata,andHirokazuShiraishi 14 N-Methyl-D-AspartateReceptorAntibody-Associated AutoimmuneEncephalitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 KeikoTanaka 15 Hashimoto’sEncephalopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 MakotoYoneda,AkikoMatsunaga,andMasamichiIkawa 16 ParaneoplasticNeurologicalSyndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 TakashiInuzuka,YuichiHayashi,andAkioKimura 17 AutoimmuneAutonomicGanglionopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 ShunyaNakane,OsamuHiguchi,andHidenoriMatsuo 18 NovelTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 KatsuichiMiyamoto Part I Basic Immunology
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