Neuroimmune Circuits, Drugs of Abuse, and Infectious Diseases

285 Pages·2002·5.73 MB·English

by  Phillip K. Peterson

NEUROIMMUNE CIRCUITS,
DRUGS OF ABUSE,
AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, UniversityofMilan
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NEUROIMMUNE CIRCUITS,
DRUGS OF ABUSE,
AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Edited by
Herman Friedman
Thomas W. Klein
University of South Florida College of Medicine
Tampa, Florida
and
John J. Madden
Georgia Mental Health Institute
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
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PREFACE
Introduction and Perspectives
This volume is based on the proceedings of the 7th annual symposium on the topic
Neuroimmune Circuits, Infectious Diseases and Drugs of Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland, Octo-
ber 7–9, 1999. This symposium, as in the past, focused on newer knowledge concerning the
relationship between the immune and nervous systems with regards to the effects of drugs of
abuse and infections, including AIDS, caused by the immunodeficiency virus. Presentations
discussed the brain-immune axis from the viewpoint of drugs of abuse rather than from the
subject of the brain or immunity alone. The major aim of this series of conferences has been to
clarify the consequences of immunomodulation induced by drugs of abuse in regards to
susceptibility and pathogenesis of infectious diseases, both in man and in various animal
model systems.
The recreational use of drugs of abuse such as morphine, cocaine, and marijuana by large
numbers of individuals in this country and around the world has continued to arouse serious
concerns about the consequences of use of such drugs, especially on the normal physiological
responses of an individual, including immune responses. Much of the recent data accumulated
by investigators show that drugs of abuse, especially opioids and cannabinoids, markedly alter
immune responses in human populations as well as in experimental animals, both in vivo and
in vitro. It is now widely recognized that many drugs of abuse are associated with increased
susceptibility to infectious diseases, especially opportunistic intracellular microbial infections,
including infection by the AIDS virus. A concerted effort is now being made to determine the
mechanisms whereby drugs of abuse increase susceptibility of infected individuals, be they
humans or experimental animals, to opportunistic infectious agents. In particular, it is now
known that drugs such as morphine, marijuana and cocaine enhance the susceptibility of
humans as well as animals to infections by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. Various
infectious agents have shown that drugs of abuse increase susceptibility. Recently, the rela-
tionship between immunomodulation induced by drugs of abuse and effects on specific
receptors, especially for opioids and cannabinoids, as well as on signal transduction mecha-
nisms, have been reported.
Many investigators continue to believe that it is important to focus attention on the
accumulating new information concerning the effects of recreational drugs of abuse and
modulation of the immune response, especially that pertaining to resistance mechanisms
important in infections. Studies concerning how illicit drugs of abuse affect immunity are
urgent because of the worldwide epidemic of AIDS caused by the human immunodeficiency
virus, resulting in a collapse of the immune system so as to make in individual susceptible to
opportunistic infections that would otherwise not cause disease in health individuals. Among
the possible mechanisms involved are direct and indirect effects of these drugs of abuse on the
brain-immune axis. This axis is known to be a highly complex and dynamic interactive system.
The effects of various drugs of abuse on this interactive system between the brain and the
immune mechanism is known to have multiple consequences, depending upon the specific
v
sites of action of a drug, duration of exposure and underlying neurological and behavioral
status of the exposed individual to the drug. It is widely accepted that an understanding of the
effects of a drug of abuse on the immune response, especially the neuroimmune axis and
neuroendocrine system in general, involves many interdisciplinary areas, including behav-
ioral, pharmaceutical, neurological, anatomical and cellular and molecular subjects, A multi-
disciplinary approach is needed to elucidate the interactions of drugs of abuse with the brain-
immune axis, especially as these interactions impact on susceptibility or resistance to infec-
tions.
The symposium highlighted discussion of effects of illicit drugs on the brain immune
system, especially effects on central nervous system infections, including effects on suscep-
tibility to the AIDS virus. There were many reviews concerning the interaction of opiates with
immune mechanisms, including the effects of opiates on specific receptors as well as receptors
for cytokines and chemokines. A presentation of the “cross-talk” between chemokine and
opioid receptors affecting cell migration and macrophage function was also given. Since there
is now much interest in programmed cell death or apoptosis, it was pointed out that opioids
promote T cell apoptosis through the JMK and signal transduction pathways. The involvement
of cannabinoid receptors, especially CB1 and CB2 receptors, was discussed in detail in several
presentations, as well as discussion of the effects of cocaine on immune cells and a discussion
of the effects of cocaine abuse on HIV replication. The role of substance P receptor mediating
macrophage responses was also discussed.
It is hoped by the organizers of this series of symposia, including the symposium in
Bethesda on which this volume is based, that the publications of these proceedings will further
inspire interest in this rapidly developing field of basic biomedical science in terms of immune
modulation, drugs of abuse and the neuroimmune circuit. It is hoped that the publication of this
volume will further the understanding of newer knowledge concerning the impact of drugs of
abuse on the brain-immune axis and its relationship to immunomodulation and infection,
especially that caused by the AIDS virus. The organizing committee of this symposium is
thanked for invaluable assistance contributing to the success of the meeting. The editors of this
volume also especially thank Ms. Ilona Friedman for continued invaluable assistance for once
again serving as editorial coordinator and managing editor of this symposium proceedings. We
also thank the National Institute on Drug Abuse for financial support and especially Dr.
Charles Sharpe, Project Director of NIDA for Immunology, for continuing interest and
invaluable assistance.
H. Friedman
T. W. Klein
and
J. J. Madden
February 2000
vi
CONTENTS
1.Targeting the Brain’s Immune System: A Psychopharmacological Approach
to Central Nervous System Infections 1
Phillip K. Peterson, Genya Gekker, Shuxian Hu, Philip S. Portoghese,
Wen S. Sheng and James R. Lokensgard
2. Model Systems for Assessing Cognitive Function: Implications for HIV-1
Infection and Drugs of Abuse 7
Walter E. Zink, Jeffrey Boyle, Yuri Persidsky, HuanguiXiong,
and Howard E. Gendelman
3. Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis in the Human
Central Nervous System 29
Jean Hou and Eugene O. Major
4. Chemokine Receptors on Brain Endothelia—Keys to HIV-1 Neuroinvasion? 35
Milan Fiala, Chandrasekhar Gujuluva, Omri Berger, Michael Bukrinsky,
Kwang Sik Kim, and Michael C. Graves
5. Neurotrofic Factor Regulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Replication in Human Blood-Derived Macrophages through Modulation of
Coreceptor Expression 41
Sharon M. Harrold, Joanna M. Dragic, Sarah L. Brown,
and Cristian L. Achim
6. Direct vs. Indirect Modulation of Complex In vitro Human Retroviral
Infections by Morphine 49
Susan Bell Nyland, Steven Specter, and Kenneth E. Ugen
7. Genetic Factors Involved in Central Nervous System/Immune Interactions 59
Ronald L. Wilder, Marie M. Griffiths, Grant W. Cannon, Rachel Caspi,
Percio S. Gulko, and Elaine F. Remmers
8. Interactions of Opioid Receptors, Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors 69
Imre Szabo, Michele Wetzel, Lois McCarthy, Amber Steele,
Earl E. Henderson, O. M. Zack Howard, Joost J. Oppenheim,
and Thomas J. Rogers
vii
9. Crosstalk between Chemokine and Opioid Receptors: Results in
Down-modulation of Cell Migration 75
Imre Szabo and Thomas J. Rogers
10. Morphine Upregulates Kappa-Opioid Receptors of Human Lymphocytes 81
Shunji Suzuki, Teddy K. Chuang, Linda F. Chuang, Roy H. Doi,
and Ronald Y. Chuang
11. Effects of Morphine on T-Cell Recirculation in Rhesus Monkeys 89
Robert M. Donahoe, Larry D. Byrd, Harold M. McClure, Mary Brantley,
DeLoris Wenzel, Aftab Ahmed Ansari, and Frederick Marsteller
12. Mitogen-Induced Activation of Mouse T Cells Increases Kappa Opioid
Receptor Expression 103
Jean M. Bidlack and Michael K. Abraham
13. Self-Enhancement of Phagocytosis by Murine Resident Peritoneal Macrophages
and Its Relationship to Morphine Effects on the Process 111
Wanda E. Pagán, Nancy Y. Figueroa, and Fernando L. Renaud
14. Role of Mu-Opioid Receptor in Immune Function 117
Sabita Roy, Richard G. Charboneau, Roderick A. Barke, and Horace H. Loh
15. Opiates Promote T Cell Apoptosis through JNK and Caspase Pathway 127
Pravin Singhal, Aditi Kapasi, Krishna Reddy, and Nicholas Franki
16. Role of Beta-Endorphin in the Modulation of Immune Responses: Perspectives
in Autoimmune Diseases 137
Paola Sacerdote, Leda Gaspani, and Alberto E. Panerai
17. Modulation of FAS/FASL in a Murine Retroviral Infection by AZT and
Methionine Enkephalin 143
Rebecca Bowden, Sandi Soto, and Steven Specter
18. Acute Effects of Heroin on the Cellularity of the Spleen and the Apoptosis
of Splenic Leukocytes 153
Karamarie Fecho and Donald T. Lysle
19. Alteration of Early T Cell Development by Opioid and Superantigen
Stimulation 163
Lois E. McCarthy and Thomas J. Rogers
20. Effect of Opioids on Oral Salmonella Infection and Immune Function 169
Toby K. Eisenstein, Amanda Shearer MacFarland, Xiaohui Peng,
Mary E. Hilburger, Rahil T. Rahim, Joseph J. Meissler, Jr.,
Thomas J. Rogers, Alan Cowan, and Martin W. Adler
viii
21. Altered T-Cell Responsiveness in Morphine “Tolerant” Rats: Evidence for a
Potential Role of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus 177
R. Daniel Mellon, Nassim E. Noori, Monica C. Hernandez,
and Barbara M. Bayer
22. Actions of Endotoxin and Morphine 187
Sulie L. Chang, Bernardo Felix, Yuhui Jiang, and Milan Fiala
23. Pharmaconeuroimmunology in the Intestinal Tract: Opioid and Cannabinoid
Receptors, Enteric Neurons and Mucosal Defense 197
David R. Brown, Benedict T. Green, Anjali Kulkarni-Narla,
Sutthasinee Poonyachoti, and DeWayne Townsend, IV
24. Cannabinoid-Mediated Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Production by Rat
Microglial Cells: Evidence for CB Receptor Participation 207
1
Guy A. Cabral, Katharine Nowell Harmon, and StevenJ. Carlisle
25. Modulation of CB1 mRNA upon Activation of Murine Splenocytes 215
Sasha N. Noe, Catherine Newton, RaymondWiden, Herman Friedman,
and Thomas W. Klein
26. Downregulation of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2) Messenger RNA Expression
during In vitro Stimulation of Murine Splenocytes with Lipopolysaccharide 223
Sumi Fong Lee, Catherine Newton, Raymond Widen, Herman Friedman,
and Thomas W. Klein
27. CB1 and CB2 Receptor mRNA Expression in Human Peripheral Blood
Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) from Various Donor Types 229
Liang Nong, Catherine Newton, Herman Friedman, and Thomas W. Klein
28. Effect of Cocaine on Chemokine and CCR-5 Gene Expression by Mononuclear
Cells from Normal Donors and HIV-1Infected Patients 235
Madhavan P. N. Nair, Supriya Mahajan, Kailash-C. Chadha,
Narayanan M. Nair, Ross G. Hewitt, Santosh K. Pillai, Priya-Chadha,
Prathiba-C. Sukumaran, and Stanley A. Schwartz
29. Intravenous Cocaine Abuse: A Rodent Model for Potential Interactions with
HIV Proteins 241
A. K. Bansal, C. F. Mactutus, A. Nath, C. Anderson, and R. M. Booze
30. Substance P Receptor Mediated Macrophage Responses 247
Ian Marriott and Kenneth L. Bost
31. Lymphocyte Modulation by Seven Transmembrane Receptors: A Brief Review
of Session 1 255
Burt M. Sharp
ix