Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom PDF
Preview Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom
JWST137-fm JWST137-Simpson December28,2011 11:38 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry JWST137-fm JWST137-Simpson December28,2011 11:38 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry From the Clinic to the Courtroom Edited by Joseph R. Simpson, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA, USA; Clinical Assistant Professor, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication JWST137-fm JWST137-Simpson December28,2011 11:38 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC Thiseditionfirstpublished2012©2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific, TechnicalandMedicalbusinesswithBlackwellPublishing. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Neuroimaginginforensicpsychiatry:fromtheclinictothecourtroom/[editedby]JosephR.Simpson. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-97699-9(cloth) I.Simpson,JosephR. [DNLM:1.ForensicPsychiatry. 2.BrainMapping–methods. 3.MentalDisorders–diagnosis.W740] 614(cid:2).15–dc23 2011044307 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India. CoverimageshowsbrainfMRIdifferencesbetweenlieandtruthinagroupof22healthysubjects.Lierelated activationisinyellowandtruthrelatedactivationisinblue.ReproducedcourtesyofKoshaRuparel,M.Sand DanielLangleben,MD,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA. Chapter19©ProfessorStephenMorse. FirstImpression2012 JWST137-fm JWST137-Simpson December28,2011 11:38 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC Contents ListofContributors vii Foreword xi HenryT.Greely Introduction xv PARTI ImagingTechniques 1 PETandSPECT 3 SusanE.Rushing,DanielA.PrymaandDanielD.Langleben 2 MRIandFunctionalMRI 27 ErinD.Bigler,MarkAllenandGaryK.Stimac PARTII ClinicalandResearchFindings 3 TraumaticBrainInjury 43 RobertP.Granacher,Jr 4 Dementia 67 MelissaLamar,HalWortzel,DavidJ.Libon,DeneneM.Wambach,CatherineC. PriceandAnandKumar 5 NeuroimaginginPsychopathyandAntisocialPersonalityDisorder: FunctionalSignificanceandaNeurodevelopmentalHypothesis 81 AndreaL.Glenn,YalingYangandAdrianRaine 6 Pedophilia 99 ChristineWiebking,AlexanderSartorius,HaraldDressingandGeorgNorthoff 7 ImagingPsychoses:DiagnosisandPredictionofViolence 113 JazminCamchongandAngusW.MacDonaldIII 8 NeuroimaginginAffectiveDisorders:ApplicationsinClinicalResearch andForensicPsychiatry 131 JonathanB.Savitz,JosephR.SimpsonandWayneC.Drevets JWST137-fm JWST137-Simpson December28,2011 11:38 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC vi CONTENTS PARTIII NeuroimagingintheCourts 9 ApplicationofNeuroimaginginRelationshiptoCompetencetoStand TrialandInsanity 147 NathanJ.KollaandJonathanD.Brodie 10 Neuroimaging,DiminishedCapacityandMitigation 163 JudithG.Edersheim,RebeccaWeintraubBrendelandBruceH.Price 11 ImplicationsofNeuroimagingforDangerousnessAssessment 195 JoachimWitzel 12 PotentialUsesofNeuroimaginginPersonalInjuryCivilCases 201 RobertP.Granacher,Jr PARTIV EmergingAreas 13 BrainImagingofDeception 217 DanielD.Langleben,DanF.X.WillardandJaneC.Moriarty 14 IdentifyingMemoriesandTheirUseinInterrogations 237 JohannaC.vanHooff PARTV LegalandEthicalConsiderations 15 PracticalLegalConcerns 255 KristenM.Nugent 16 NeuroimagingandtheConstitution 275 KristenM.Nugent 17 PracticalLegalConcerns:TheEnglandandWalesContext 303 ShujaM.ReaguandPamelaJ.Taylor 18 NeuroethicsofFunctionalNeuroimagingintheCourtroom 325 ElizabethFordandNeilAggarwal 19 NeuroimagingEvidenceinLaw:APleaforModestyandRelevance 341 StephenJ.Morse Index 359 JWST137-loc JWST137-Simpson December28,2011 11:56 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC List of Contributors Neil Aggarwal MD, MBA, MA, Postdoctoral Clinical Fellow, Columbia University, NewYork,NY,USA Mark Allen PhD, Assistant Professor, Psychology Department and The Neuroscience Center,BrighamYoungUniversity,Provo,UT,USA Erin D. Bigler PhD, Professor, Psychology Department and The Neuroscience Center, BrighamYoungUniversity,Provo,UT,USAandDepartmentofPsychiatry,Universityof Utah,SaltLakeCity,UT,USA Jonathan D. Brodie PhD, MD, Marvin Stern Professor of Psychiatry, New York Uni- versitySchoolofMedicine,DivisionofForensicPsychiatry,NewYork,NY,USA JazminCamchongPhD, NeurobehavioralResearchInc,Honolulu,HI,USA HaraldDressingMD, ProfessorofPsychiatry,SeniorPsychiatrist,HeadoftheDepart- mentofForensicPsychiatryatCentralInstituteofMentalHealth(CIMH),MedicalFaculty Mannheim,UniversityofHeidelberg,Mannheim,Germany Wayne C. Drevets MD, Director and President, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, OxleyProfessorofNeuroscienceResearch,DepartmentofPsychiatry,OklahomaUniver- sityCollegeofMedicine,Tulsa,OK,USA Judith G. Edersheim JD, MD, Co-Director, The Center for Law, Brain and Behavior, Massachusetts General Hospital and Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard MedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USA ElizabethFordMD, ClinicalAssociateProfessorandTrainingDirector,ForensicPsy- chiatry Fellowship New York University School of Medicine and Director, Division of ForensicPsychiatry,BellevueHospitalCenter,NewYork,NY,USA AndreaL.GlennPhD, PostdoctoralResearchFellow,DepartmentofChildandAdoles- centPsychiatry,InstituteofMentalHealth,Singapore Robert P. Granacher, Jr, MD, MBA, Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of KentuckyCollegeofMedicine,Lexington,KY,USA Nathan J. Kolla MD, MA, MSc, Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto,Toronto,ON,Canada AnandKumarMD, LizzieGilmanProfessorandHead,DepartmentofPsychiatry,Uni- versityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,IL,USA Melissa Lamar PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,IL,USA JWST137-loc JWST137-Simpson December28,2011 11:56 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC viii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS DanielD.LanglebenMD, AssociateProfessorofPsychiatry,UniversityofPennsylva- niaSchoolofMedicine,Philadelphia,PA,USA DavidJ.LibonPhD, AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofNeurology,DrexelUniversity, CollegeofMedicine,Philadelphia,PA,USA AngusW.MacDonaldIIIPhD, AssociateProfessor,UniversityofMinnesota,Depart- mentofPsychology,Minneapolis,MN,USA JaneC.MoriartyJD, CarolLosMansmannChairinFacultyScholarship,Professorof LawandAssociateDeanforScholarship,DuquesneUniversitySchoolofLaw,Pittsburgh, PA,USA Stephen J. Morse JD, PhD, Ferdinand Wakeman Hubbell Professor of Law, and Pro- fessor of Psychology and Law in Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Philadelphia,PA,USA GeorgNorthoffMD,PhD,FRCPC, ResearchUnitDirector,Mind,BrainImagingand Neuroethics; Canada Research Chair, University of Ottawa; The Michael Smith Chair, ELJB-CIHR, Royal Ottawa Healthcare Group, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental HealthResearch,Ottawa,ON,Canada KristenM.NugentJD, Hunton&WilliamsLLP,Atlanta,GA,USA Bruce H. Price MD, Chief, Department of Neurology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA and The Center for Law, Brain and Behavior, Massachusetts General Hospi- tal,Boston,MA,USA CatherineC.PricePhD, AssistantProfessor,ClinicalandHealthPsychology,Univer- sityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,USA Daniel A. Pryma MD, Assistant Professor of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania SchoolofMedicine,Philadelphia,PA,USA Adrian Raine PhD, Richard Perry University Professor, Departments of Criminology, PsychiatryandPsychology,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA Shuja M. Reagu MBBS, MRCPsych, MSc, Clinical Lecturer in Forensic Psychiatry, DepartmentofPsychiatryandNeurology,SchoolofMedicine,CardiffUniversity,Cardiff, UKandSpecialistRegistrar,ForensicPsychiatry,WelshDeanery SusanE.RushingMD,JD, AssistantProfessorofPsychiatry,UniversityofPennsylva- niaSchoolofMedicine,Philadelphia,PA,USA Alexander Sartorius MD, PhD, Head, Research Group Translational Imaging, Head, ECT Supervision and Research, Senior Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry and Psy- chotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, UniversityofHeidelberg,Mannheim,Germany JonathanB.SavitzPhD, AssistantProfessor,LaureateInstituteforBrainResearchand TheUniversityofTulsa,Tulsa,OK,USA JosephR.SimpsonMD,PhD, ClinicalAssistantProfessor,UniversityofSouthernCal- iforniaKeckSchoolofMedicine,LosAngeles,CA,USAandClinicalAssistantProfessor, UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,Irvine,CA,USA GaryK.StimacPhD,MD, DiagnosticRadiologist,Bellevue,WA,USA JWST137-loc JWST137-Simpson December28,2011 11:56 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS ix PamelaJ.Taylor,MBBS,MRCP,FRCPsych,FMedSci, ProfessorofForensicPsychi- atry, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff,UKandHonoraryConsultantForensicPsychiatrist,ABMUHealthBoard,UK Johanna C. van Hooff PhD, Assistant Professor, VU University Amsterdam, Depart- mentofCognitivePsychology,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands DeneneM.WambachBA, TempleUniversity,Philadelphia,PA,USA Rebecca Weintraub Brendel MD, JD, The Center for Law, Brain and Behavior, Mas- sachusetts General Hospital, and Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School,Boston,MA,USA Christine Wiebking, MSc, PhD (cand.), Clinic of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke Uni- versity, Magdeburg, Germany and Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa,ON,Canada DanielF.X.WillardBA, ResearchSpecialist,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA,USA Joachim Witzel MD, Central State Forensic Psychiatric Hospital of Saxony-Anhalt, Uchtspringe,Germany HalWortzelMD, VeteransIntegratedServiceNetwork19MentalIllnessResearchEd- ucationandClinicalCenter(VISN19MIRECC),DenverVeteransHospitalandAssistant Professor,DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofColorado,Denver,CO,USA YalingYangPhD, PostdoctoralFellow,DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityofSouth- ernCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA JWST137-Foreword JWST137-Simpson December26,2011 8:56 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC Foreword Thisisaninterestingandimportantbook,bothfortheprofessionalaudiencethatislikely to read it and, perhaps more importantly, for another audience that needs to read it. It is aneducationinhowneurosciencemayaffectthelaw,aswellasastarkwarningaboutthe limitsofourcurrentdiscourseinlawandneuroscience. I have been involved in neuroethics and, more specifically, in law and neuroscience, since its inception – or, at least, its ‘re-imagining’ – in 2002. I was one of the co- directorsfortheLawandNeuroscienceProject,athree-yeareffortfundedgenerouslyby the MacArthur Foundation that brought lawyers and judges together with neuroscientists and psychologists, with the more-than-occasional philosopher thrown in for extra flavor. This book has 34 authors; only one was involved in the Project. In fact I only recognize the names of three of the authors from the discussions of law and neuroscience. (Nor do IrecognizemanyofthenamesfortheiractivityintheInternationalNeuroethicsSociety, anotherhigh-profileeffortthatlooksat,amongotherthings,lawandneuroscience.)Thisis notanegativereflectiononthequalityoftheseauthors,butitisanegativereflectiononthe nature of our discourse about law and neuroscience. This book is entitled Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom. Its authors are, by and large, forensicpsychiatristsorresearcherswithconnectionstoforensicpsychiatry.TheLawand NeuroscienceProjectcomprisedmainlylawyers,philosophersandneuroscientists.It,and thebroaderdiscussionsitwaspartofaboutlawandneuroscience,focusednotonthepath fromtheclinic,butfromthelabtothecourtroom(aswellaspartsofthelegalsystemthat existoutsidethecourtroom). The intersections of these worlds have been far too few, and too narrow. As this book convincesme,thebroadfieldoflawandneurosciencehasmuchtolearnfromtheforensic psychiatrists, who, after all, are regularly involved in applying brain science in courts. And,Ibelieve,forensicpsychiatristscouldlearnusefulthings,too,fromthebroaderlaw andneurosciencecommunity. Thefirstpartofthebookprovidesanintroductiontoneuroimagingtechnologiesthatis comprehensive, but that is also accessible to lawyers and judges – at least, to those who arewillingtoworkjustabitatit.Thetechnologiesmighthavebeenexpanded,bothtoold standbys, such as CT scans and electroencephalograms (EEGs), as well as to upcoming possibilities, like near infra-red laser spectroscopy. But it covers the main bases – PET, SPECT,MRIandfMRI–quitewell. Thesecondpartwillalsoproveparticularlyuseful.Itprovidesreaderswithusefuldis- cussionsofsomeofthemostlegallyrelevantdiagnoses–traumaticbraininjury,dementia, psychopathy, pedophilia, psychosis and affective disorders – as well as strong, critical reviews of the current, and possible future, roles of neuroimaging in confirming (or rul- ing out) those diagnoses. Forensic psychiatrists may want to focus on the discussions of neuroimaging,butmanyreadersfromthelawwilllearnmuchfromthecarefuldiscussions oftheillnessesthemselves. JWST137-Foreword JWST137-Simpson December26,2011 8:56 PrinterName:YettoCome P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC xii FOREWORD Part III brings us directly to the courtroom and walks through the possible roles of neuroimaginginthemostcommonreasonsfortestimonybyforensicpsychiatrists:compe- tency,insanity,mitigation,diminishedcapacity,riskassessmentandpersonalinjurycases. The most valuable sections lay out just how neuroimaging may, or may not, be useful in suchcases. Thefourthpartlooksatsomefrontierlegalissuesforneuroimaging.Onechaptertakesa hardlookatdetectingdeception;theotheratdetectingmemory.Thesehighlightthereality thatoneexcitingpossibleuseforneuroimagingistoreadminds–tolookatphysicalbrain states and correlate them to present mental states. This cannot reveal what, for example, a defendant was thinking at the time of the alleged offense; the so-called ‘time machine’ problem prevents that. But it may be able to tell us something about their mental states at the time of their subsequent statements. Normally, if we want to ascertain someone’s mental state, the best way to do so is to ask them. But if we cannot trustthem to answer honestly,readingtheirmindsmaybeagoodalternative.Ionlywishthisparthadroamed a little more broadly across the landscape of possible uses of mind-reading in the law, fromdetectingwhethersomeoneisfeelingpain(anenormousissueforthelegalsystem) todeterminingwhethersomeoneis‘truly’feelingbiasorremorseorguilt. ThelastpartlooksatlegalissuesintheUnitedStatesandinEnglandandWales,andat ethicalissuesmorebroadly.Thisisterritorythathasbeenbroadlyexploredintheexisting lawandneuroscienceliterature(see,forexample,[1–6]);thesechaptersarecleardiscus- sions,andquiteusefulforforensicpsychiatrists,thoughlawyers,judgesandphilosophers mayprefermorespecializedtreatments. Forensicpsychiatryandthebroaderlawandneurosciencecommunityneedtotalkmore. Thedepthandbreadthofforensicpsychiatry’sknowledgeofthetechnologies,thediseases andthecourtroomsettingswillbeofgreatvaluetothebroaderlawandneurosciencecom- munity.Ontheotherhand,forensicpsychiatristsshouldfindvalueinthedeeperdiscussion ofthethornylegalquestions–andoftheethicalandphilosophicalquestionsthatliebehind them–thatthebroaderlawandneuroscienceliteratureprovides,alongwiththe,admittedly speculative,lookfartherbeyondtoday’scourtroomuses,tofutureuses–andtotheways technologicalchangeandsocialchangemayintertwinetoproducesurprisingresults.Itis unfortunate,andsomewhatsurprising,thattheseperspectiveshavenotyetbeenbetterin- tegrated.Onecansaythefieldisyoungor,atleast,newlyreconceptualized,butthecurrent neuroethicsfieldisapproachingtheendofitsfirstdecade.Weshouldnotletthisdistance continueintoitssecond. Which leads to my last point. Bringing all the relevant expertise and perspectives togetherintothisfieldisnotjust‘good’butimportant,becausethefieldisimportant.Neu- roscienceisvastlyincreasingourabilitytopredict,understandandmodifytheworkingsof thehumanbrain.Thelawisabouthumanbrains,andonlyincidentallyaboutthefleshin whichtheyareembodied.Knowingmoreaboutfuturebehaviors,oraboutpresentmental statesorabouthowtochangementalstatesorbehaviorswillnecessarilybeofgreatinterest tothelaw(andtotherestofsociety).Butknowingmoreaboutthescienceofthehuman brain is not the same as knowing enough about how to use that new knowledge. Wayne Drevets,JonathanSavitzandJosephSimpsonendtheirchapteronaffectivedisorderswith somecarefullyhedgedprophecy,withcommentsspecificallyaboutaffectivedisordersbut applicablemuchmorebroadlytolawandneuroscience: Lookingforward,itseemsreasonabletoanticipatethatastheevidencebasecontin- uestoaccumulate,neuroimagingmaybeusedincreasinglyinlegalcasestobuttress
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