Neuroimaging diagnosis for alzheimer's disease and other dementias PDF
Preview Neuroimaging diagnosis for alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Neuroimaging Diagnosis for Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias Hiroshi Matsuda Takashi Asada Aya Midori Tokumaru Editors 123 Neuroimaging Diagnosis for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias Hiroshi Matsuda • Takashi Asada Aya Midori Tokumaru Editors Neuroimaging Diagnosis for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias Editors Hiroshi Matsuda Takashi Asada Integrative Brain Imaging Center Department of Psychiatry National Center of Neurology & Psychiatry Institute of Clinical Medicine Kodaira University of Tsukuba Tokyo Tsukuba Japan Ibaraki Japan Aya Midori Tokumaru Department of Diagnostic Radiology Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology Tokyo Japan ISBN 978-4-431-55132-4 ISBN 978-4-431-55133-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55133-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951313 © Springer Japan 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Japan KK The registered company address is: Chiyoda First Bldg. East, 3-8-1 Nishi-Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0065, Japan Preface Nowhere is the serious social problem of dementia more acute than in Japan, where an estimated one fourth of elderly persons already have or show signs of developing it. The prevalence of dementia has increased over the past few decades, either because of greater awareness and more accurate diagnosis, or because increased longevity has created a larger population of the elderly, the age group most com- monly affected. More aging will develop from now on, and so it is predicted that 7 million elderly persons will be demented by 2025 in Japan. Although the diagnosis of dementia is still largely a clinical one, based on the history and disease course, neuroimaging has dramatically changed our ability to accurately diagnose it. The role of neuroimaging in dementia nowadays extends beyond its traditional role of excluding neurosurgical lesions. Neuroimaging in dementia is recommended by most clinical guidelines. Moreover new neuroimaging methods facilitate diagnosis of most of the neurodegenerative conditions after symptom onset and show promise for diagnosis even in very early or presymptom- atic phases of some diseases. Neuroimaging also provides useful information in clinical trials of dementia. As the need to develop a successful disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s dis- ease, which accounts for more than one half of dementia cases, becomes more urgent, imaging is increasingly used in therapeutic trials. Treatments for Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders are currently limited to those that provide only modest symptomatic benefit. Disease-modifying therapies are urgently needed, especially those that would delay the onset of clinical decline. An effective treatment that delays symptom onset has been estimated to potentially reduce predicted dementia prevalence and healthcare costs. A large number of candidate disease-modifying therapies are under development; the studies that will be assessing these therapies are increasingly incorporating a range of imaging and other biomarkers to better understand their effects and to show evidence of disease slowing. This evidence is particularly important for guiding decisions about which therapies to take forward into large and expensive late-phase trials. Imaging endpoints provide possible ben- efits to clinical trials in dementia. They provide a means of assessing potential disease- modifying effects and differentiating these from symptomatic benefits that do not affect underlying pathological progression. Many imaging biomarkers have been shown to correlate with disease severity, as well as predict future progression in subjects yet to show clinical symptoms. The quantitative nature of the imaging v vi Preface biomarkers often has far less variability than the primary cognitive and functional endpoints, and thus will require smaller sample sizes to be powered to show a sta- tistically significant effect. These quantitative endpoints are objective measures where the data can be saved for further re-analysis. Under these conditions, all clinicians and researchers who are involved in neuro- imaging for dementia should decide which patients to scan, when imaging patients is most useful, which modality to use, how to handle imaging data from many insti- tutions, and which analytical tool to use. This book describes the latest modalities such as tau and amyloid PET imaging for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, and also provides information on handling and analyzing imaging data that is not found in other books. In addition, it introduces routine imaging stud- ies in the management of dementia in Japan. This edition comprises contributions from leading Japanese experts in their respective fields. We are very happy that our book is to be published by one of the premier publishers in the scientific field. This guarantees a high quality of reproduction allowing for the inclusion of many color figures, which is essential in the field of functional neuroimaging. We are encour- aged by the enthusiastic response from contributors from all over Japan who have made this endeavor successful. Finally we would like to thank Ms. Suzuki and Ms. Kambara from Springer Japan KK for their continuous help and support during the development of this book. We sincerely hope that this book will become a key tool not only for all physi- cians in radiology, nuclear medicine, neurology, psychiatry, geriatrics, and neuro- surgery, but also for all professionals working to understand or treat dementia. In addition, this edition may be of interest and importance for industry, as neuroimag- ing is becoming more and more important in today’s aging population. This book may serve as a guide towards the present use of neuroimaging in dementia and as a catalyst for future research. Tokyo, Japan Hiroshi Matsuda Tsukuba, Japan Takashi Asada Tokyo, Japan Aya Midori Tokumaru Contents 1 Epidemiology of Dementia in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Takashi Asada 2 Diagnostic Criteria for Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Tetsuaki Arai 3 Structural Neuroimaging in Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Hiroshi Matsuda and Etsuko Imabayashi 4 MRI Diagnosis in Other Dementias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Aya M. Tokumaru, Yuko Saito, Shigeo Murayama, and Keita Sakurai 5 D iffusion Tensor Imaging in Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Toshiaki Taoka 6 A rterial Spin Labeling in Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Takashi Yoshiura 7 Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Dementia . . . . . . . . . . 139 Akihiko Shiino 8 Toward Clinical Application of Resting- State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Yousuke Ogata and Takashi Hanakawa 9 FDG-PET in Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Yoshitaka Inui, Kengo Ito, and Takashi Kato 10 Tau PET in Neurodegenerative Diseases Manifesting Dementia . . . . 199 Nobuyuki Okamura, Ryuichi Harada, Shozo Furumoto, and Yukitsuka Kudo 11 Brain Perfusion SPECT in Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Kiyotaka Nemoto 12 Neuroimaging of Dementia with Lewy Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Haruo Hanyu 13 Neuroimaging of Frontotemporal Lobe Degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Seigo Nakano vii viii Contents 14 Neuroimaging Study of Alzheimer’s Disease in Volunteer-Based Cohort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Miharu Samuraki, Ichiro Matsunari, and Masahito Yamada 15 Handling of MRI Data in a Multicenter Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Norihide Maikusa 16 Standardization and Quality Control of Brain PET Data in a Multicenter Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Michio Senda Epidemiology of Dementia in Japan 1 Takashi Asada Abstract The survey of early-onset dementia was done in five prefectures and two cities in all parts of Japan from 2006 to 2008. The estimated number of patients per 100,000 in the 18–64-year-old population was 47.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 45.5–49.7). The estimated patient number in all of Japan was calculated to be 37,800 (95% CI: 36,100–39,400). As a result, we found that vascular dementia (VaD) was the most common illness causing dementia, followed by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), posttraumatic syndrome, and then frontotemporal degeneration. The prevalence of late-onset dementia was surveyed with in ten areas in all parts of Japan from 2009 to 2012. From the results, the estimated national preva- lence was 15%, with a standard error of 0.0136 and 95% CI of 0.12, 0.17. The number of people with dementia in all of Japan was estimated to be about 4.62 million out of a population of 30.79 million people (definite value) aged 65 years and older as of October 1, 2012. The number had probably reached 50 million by the end of 2014. For the immediate future, both the prevalence and the total number of demen- tia patients are expected to rise steadily with the increase in the mean life expectancy. Keywords Prevalence • Early-onset dementia • Late-onset dementia T. Asada Department of Psychiatry, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodaia, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Japan 2017 1 H. Matsuda et al. (eds.), Neuroimaging Diagnosis for Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55133-1_1 2 T. Asada 1.1 Introduction Japan is not the only country with an aging population. In Asia, for example, China is aging at a rate that surpasses Japan, with a current elderly population of about 12% which is predicted to reach 20% within 10 years. In the future, aging popula- tions and the resulting growth in the number of people with dementia will become a major problem not only in China but also in South Korea, India, and the entire Asian region. The problem of dementia is also inevitable in Western countries, which were the first to experience aging populations. Today, societies are aging and longevity is increasing on a global scale; there- fore, dealing with dementia is not simply a medical issue but a fundamental policy- making challenge for each country. In November 2014, the G7 Dementia Summit was held in Japan, and knowledge on dementia care and prevention was presented and shared. This article looks at the epidemiology of dementia and describes the number of patients and future trends in both early-onset (EOD) and late-onset dementia (LOD). 1.2 EOD 1.2.1 Definition EOD is a popular term. Formally, dementia that first occurs between the ages of 18 and 44 is called juvenile dementia, while dementia that first occurs between the ages of 45 and 64 is called presenile dementia [1]. The upper limit, however, is taken to be 60 years in some cases and 65 years in others. 1.2.2 Epidemiology (1) Number of patients No data on the epidemiological status of early-onset dementia (EOD) in Japan existed until recently. The first nationwide epidemiological survey in Japan was the “Research on the present status of early onset dementia” (project leader: Naomichi Ichinowatari) [1]. The survey was conducted in 1996 in all of Aomori, Gunma, and Tottori Prefectures, plus the cities of Kitakyushu and Hachioji. The survey was done in two stages: the first was a screening, and the second was a more detailed exami- nation. From the results, the number of EOD patients in all Japan was estimated to between 25,613 and 37,434. We conducted an epidemiological survey on EOD in five prefectures and two cities in all parts of Japan from 2006 to 2008 [2, 3]. The purpose was to calculate the prevalence of EOD, defined as “people under the age of 65 years both at the
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