Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II: Clinical Implications PDF
Preview Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II: Clinical Implications
Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II Tatsunori Seki Kazunobu Sawamoto ● Jack M. Parent Arturo Alvarez‑Buylla ● Editors Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II Clinical Implications Editors Tatsunori Seki, Ph.D. Kazunobu Sawamoto, Ph.D. Professor Professor Department of Histology Department of Developmental and Neuroanatomy and Regenerative Biology Tokyo Medical University Institute of Molecular Medicine Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan Nagoya City University Graduate sekit@tokyo‑med.ac.jp School of Medical Sciences 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho‑cho, Mizuho‑ku Jack M. Parent, M.D. Nagoya 467‑8601, Japan Associate Professor [email protected]‑cu.ac.jp Department of Neurology University of Michigan Arturo Alvarez‑Buylla, Ph.D. 109 Zina Pitcher Place 5021 BSRB Professor Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Neurosurgery [email protected] University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94143, USA [email protected] ISBN 978‑4‑431‑53944‑5 e‑ISBN 978‑4‑431‑53945‑2 DOI 10.1007/978‑4‑431‑53945‑2 Springer Tokyo Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011928783 © Springer 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Printed on acid‑free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The phenomenon of adult neurogenesis, or persistent generation of neurons in the adult brain, is attracting more and more attention every day. Adult neurogenesis has become increasingly important to studies of brain development and diseases, learning and memory, and aging. A considerable number of papers on the mechanism of adult neurogenesis or linking this process to various physiological and pathological events are published monthly. Most recent popular textbooks in the neurosciences also provide ample coverage of basic principles of adult neurogenesis, a topic which just 20 or 30 years ago was considered tangential, controversial, or unimportant. The discovery that some populations of neurons continue to be produced post‑ natally has dramatically changed previous fundamental concepts of neuroscience. For example, it was widely believed that once development is complete and the embryonic and fetal scaffolding for neuronal generation, migration, and integration are dismantled, these processes cannot be reenacted; therefore, once neurons die they never regenerate. This dogma has been overturned, and studies on adult neuro‑ genesis have opened up the possibility of newborn neurons participating in brain tissue repair and processes of learning and memory. Investigations of adult neuro‑ genesis have also led to basic new principles on the identity of neural stem cells, the function of transit amplifying progenitors, and new forms of neuronal migration. Furthermore, some neuropsychiatric disorders are suspected to be associated with defects in adult neurogenesis. Despite the existence of such a broadly applicable and fundamentally important phenomenon, 20 years ago only a few groups in the world studied adult neurogen‑ esis. It was the pioneering [3H]‑thymidine autoradiography studies of Joseph Altman that showed in the 1960s how newborn neurons continue to be formed post‑ natally in the rodent hippocampus and olfactory bulb. Adult neurogenesis, however, did not become widely accepted and remained a controversial field for more than a decade. In the 1980s a series of rigorous studies, inspired by the neurobiology of song learning in birds, led Fernando Nottebohm and his group to demonstrate the origin, migration, and recruitment of new neurons in song‑control nuclei and the rest of the telencephalon of adult canaries. Unfortunately, the history of the field is either ignored or underappreciated by the many neuroscientists who are now interested in or working on adult neurogenesis. To redress that, this book contains historically crucial and memorable articles by Drs. Altman and Nottebohm describing from a v vi Preface very personal perspective the motivations and excitement that triggered these seminal discoveries. They also highlight some of the scientific and funding challenges posed by the strong early opposition to adult neurogenesis. Their two articles should not only be the primary source for neuroscientists interested in the initial discoveries in adult neurogenesis and how they came about, but should also be of value to those interested in science history, funding, and policy. Novel methods for labeling new neurons – new thymidine analogs such as BrdU, immunohistochemical markers for immature neurons, retrovirus and genetic tagging techniques – resulted in the 1990s in an explosion of studies on the mechanism and func‑ tion of adult neurogenesis. Stunningly beautiful preparations revealed the entire process of neuronal formation in the adult and revealed the nature and connectivity of individual newly formed neurons. Physiological studies have begun to decipher the unique contribution of new neurons to adult neural circuits. Despite the enormous progress made over the past decade, it is clear that we are still in the early days of understanding the functional meaning and molecular mechanisms of adult neurogenesis. In prepara‑ tion for this next stage of discovery, we thought it was fitting to compile a collection of thoughtful reviews from leading laboratories working in this area of research. Contributing researchers describe their current work in 27 chapters that are grouped into two volumes, which cover a wide array of topics concerning adult neurogenesis. The first volume, in addition to the two articles by Drs. Altman and Nottebohm on the history of adult neurogenesis, comprises a comprehensive pre‑ sentation of the basic biology of adult neurogenesis: basic aspects of neurogenesis, adult neurogenesis in non‑mammalian vertebrates, in the mammalian hippocampus and olfactory bulb. In the second volume, clinical implications of adult neuro‑ genesis are considered, including neurogenesis in the adult monkey and human brain, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, stress, depression, schizophrenia, stroke, brain injury, and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric pathology. A small research group in Japan, the Adult Neurogenesis Kondankai (Conference), working on various aspects of adult neurogenesis initially conceived these volumes. Later, two new editors (A.A.‑B. and J.M.P.) joined the project and the original idea was expanded and appropriately shaped. Our goal is not only to provide a compre‑ hensive knowledge base on adult neurogenesis, but also to share our excitement and motivation for an extraordinary field in the neurosciences. We believe that these ingredients will be fundamental to future research in this exciting field towards a better understanding of how adult neurogenesis is maintained and regulated, and how it contributes to plasticity and possibly one day to brain therapy. During the editing of these two volumes, a massive 9.0‑magnitude earthquake struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011, and tens of thousands of people died in the resulting tsunami. We dedicate this book to their memory, and offer our deepest condolences to those who lost loved ones. Tatsunori Seki Kazunobu Sawamoto Jack M. Parent Arturo Alvarez‑Buylla Contents 1 Neurogenesis in Monkey and Human Adult Brain .............................. 1 Andréanne Bédard, Patrick J. Bernier, and André Parent 2 Adult Neurogenesis in Parkinson’s Disease .......................................... 23 Hideki Mochizuki 3 Adult Neurogenesis in Epilepsy ............................................................. 37 Sebastian Jessberger and Jack M. Parent 4 Stress Disorders ....................................................................................... 53 Muriel Koehl, Michel Le Moal, and Djoher Nora Abrous 5 Depression ................................................................................................ 99 Shin Nakagawa and Ronald S. Duman 6 Impaired Neurogenesis as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia and Related Mental Diseases ................................................................. 109 Noriko Osumi and Nannan Guo 7 Neurogenesis from Endogenous Neural Stem Cells After Stroke: A Future Therapeutic Target to Promote Functional Restoration? ............................................................................. 133 Olle Lindvall and Zaal Kokaia 8 Perspectives of “PUFA-GPR40 Signaling” Crucial for Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ................................................... 149 Tetsumori Yamashima 9 Adult Neurogenesis and Neuronal Subtype Specification in the Neocortex ...................................................................................... 173 Noriyuki Kishi, U. Shivraj Sohur, Jason G. Emsley, and Jeffrey D. Macklis vii viii Contents 10 Culturing Adult Neural Stem Cells: Application to the Study of Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Pathology ...................... 189 Seiji Hitoshi, Tod Kippin, and Derek van der Kooy Index ................................................................................................................. 209 Contents of Volume I Part I History 1 The Discovery of Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis ............................. 3 Joseph Altman 2 Song Learning in Birds Offers a Model for Neuronal Replacement in Adult Brain .................................................................. 47 Fernando Nottebohm Part II Basic Aspects of Neurogenesis 3 Fate Specification of Neural Stem Cells ................................................ 87 Masakazu Namihira and Kinichi Nakashima 4 Fractones: Home and Conductors of the Neural Stem Cell Niche ....................................................................................... 109 Frederic Mercier, Jason Schnack, and Maureen Saint Georges Chaumet Part III Adult Neurogenesis in Non-mammalian Vertebrates 5 Adult Neurogenesis in Teleost Fish ........................................................ 137 Günther K.H. Zupanc 6 Adult Neurogenesis in Reptiles .............................................................. 169 Susana González‑Granero, Melissa Lezameta, and José Manuel García‑Verdugo Part IV Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus 7 From Embryonic to Adult Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus .......... 193 Tatsunori Seki ix x Contents of Volume I 8 Activity-Dependent Regulation of the Early Phase of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis..................................................... 217 Tatsuhiro Hisatsune, Yoko Ide, and Rokuya Nochi 9 Integration of New Neurons into the Adult Hippocampus ................. 237 Wei Deng, Chunmei Zhao, and Fred H. Gage 10 Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus: Lessons from Natural Populations ........................................................ 257 Jan Martin Wojtowicz 11 Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis by Environment and Learning ........................................................................................... 271 Gerd Kempermann Part V Adult Neurogenesis in the Olfactory Bulb 12 Epithelial Organization of Adult Neurogenic Germinal Niches ......... 287 Zaman Mirzadeh, Young‑Goo Han, José Manuel García‑Verdugo, and Arturo Alvarez‑Buylla 13 Neurogenesis in the Adult Rabbit: From Olfactory System to Cerebellum ............................................................................. 319 Giovanna Ponti, Federico Luzzati, Paolo Peretto, and Luca Bonfanti 14 Neuronal Migration in the Adult Brain ................................................ 337 Masato Sawada, Shi‑hui Huang, Yuki Hirota, Naoko Kaneko, and Kazunobu Sawamoto 15 Development and Survival of Adult-Born Olfactory Neurons ............ 357 Masahiro Yamaguchi 16 Wiring New Neurons with Old Circuits ................................................ 371 Pierre‑Marie Lledo 17 Control of Adult-Born Neuron Production by Converging GABA and Glutamate Signals ..................................... 395 Jean‑Claude Platel and Angélique Bordey Index ................................................................................................................. 407
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