Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II: Clinical Implications

227 Pages·2011·3.16 MB·English

by  Tatsunori Seki

Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II

Tatsunori Seki Kazunobu Sawamoto
●
Jack M. Parent Arturo Alvarez‑Buylla
●
Editors
Neurogenesis
in the Adult Brain II
Clinical Implications
Editors
Tatsunori Seki, Ph.D. Kazunobu Sawamoto, Ph.D.
Professor Professor
Department of Histology Department of Developmental
and Neuroanatomy and Regenerative Biology
Tokyo Medical University Institute of Molecular Medicine
Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan Nagoya City University Graduate
sekit@tokyo‑med.ac.jp School of Medical Sciences
1 Kawasumi, Mizuho‑cho, Mizuho‑ku
Jack M. Parent, M.D. Nagoya 467‑8601, Japan
Associate Professor [email protected]‑cu.ac.jp
Department of Neurology
University of Michigan Arturo Alvarez‑Buylla, Ph.D.
109 Zina Pitcher Place 5021 BSRB Professor
Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Neurosurgery
[email protected] University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
[email protected]
ISBN 978‑4‑431‑53944‑5 e‑ISBN 978‑4‑431‑53945‑2
DOI 10.1007/978‑4‑431‑53945‑2
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Preface
The phenomenon of adult neurogenesis, or persistent generation of neurons in the
adult brain, is attracting more and more attention every day. Adult neurogenesis has
become increasingly important to studies of brain development and diseases, learning
and memory, and aging. A considerable number of papers on the mechanism of
adult neurogenesis or linking this process to various physiological and pathological
events are published monthly. Most recent popular textbooks in the neurosciences
also provide ample coverage of basic principles of adult neurogenesis, a topic which
just 20 or 30 years ago was considered tangential, controversial, or unimportant.
The discovery that some populations of neurons continue to be produced post‑
natally has dramatically changed previous fundamental concepts of neuroscience.
For example, it was widely believed that once development is complete and the
embryonic and fetal scaffolding for neuronal generation, migration, and integration
are dismantled, these processes cannot be reenacted; therefore, once neurons die
they never regenerate. This dogma has been overturned, and studies on adult neuro‑
genesis have opened up the possibility of newborn neurons participating in brain
tissue repair and processes of learning and memory. Investigations of adult neuro‑
genesis have also led to basic new principles on the identity of neural stem cells, the
function of transit amplifying progenitors, and new forms of neuronal migration.
Furthermore, some neuropsychiatric disorders are suspected to be associated with
defects in adult neurogenesis.
Despite the existence of such a broadly applicable and fundamentally important
phenomenon, 20 years ago only a few groups in the world studied adult neurogen‑
esis. It was the pioneering [3H]‑ thymidine autoradiography studies of Joseph
Altman that showed in the 1960s how newborn neurons continue to be formed post‑
natally in the rodent hippocampus and olfactory bulb. Adult neurogenesis, however,
did not become widely accepted and remained a controversial field for more than a
decade. In the 1980s a series of rigorous studies, inspired by the neurobiology of
song learning in birds, led Fernando Nottebohm and his group to demonstrate the
origin, migration, and recruitment of new neurons in song‑control nuclei and the
rest of the telencephalon of adult canaries. Unfortunately, the history of the field is
either ignored or underappreciated by the many neuroscientists who are now interested
in or working on adult neurogenesis. To redress that, this book contains historically
crucial and memorable articles by Drs. Altman and Nottebohm describing from a
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vi Preface
very personal perspective the motivations and excitement that triggered these seminal
discoveries. They also highlight some of the scientific and funding challenges posed
by the strong early opposition to adult neurogenesis. Their two articles should not
only be the primary source for neuroscientists interested in the initial discoveries in
adult neurogenesis and how they came about, but should also be of value to those
interested in science history, funding, and policy.
Novel methods for labeling new neurons – new thymidine analogs such as BrdU,
immunohistochemical markers for immature neurons, retrovirus and genetic tagging
techniques – resulted in the 1990s in an explosion of studies on the mechanism and func‑
tion of adult neurogenesis. Stunningly beautiful preparations revealed the entire process
of neuronal formation in the adult and revealed the nature and connectivity of individual
newly formed neurons. Physiological studies have begun to decipher the unique
contribution of new neurons to adult neural circuits. Despite the enormous progress
made over the past decade, it is clear that we are still in the early days of understanding
the functional meaning and molecular mechanisms of adult neurogenesis. In prepara‑
tion for this next stage of discovery, we thought it was fitting to compile a collection
of thoughtful reviews from leading laboratories working in this area of research.
Contributing researchers describe their current work in 27 chapters that are
grouped into two volumes, which cover a wide array of topics concerning adult
neurogenesis. The first volume, in addition to the two articles by Drs. Altman and
Nottebohm on the history of adult neurogenesis, comprises a comprehensive pre‑
sentation of the basic biology of adult neurogenesis: basic aspects of neurogenesis,
adult neurogenesis in non‑mammalian vertebrates, in the mammalian hippocampus
and olfactory bulb. In the second volume, clinical implications of adult neuro‑
genesis are considered, including neurogenesis in the adult monkey and human
brain, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, stress, depression, schizophrenia, stroke, brain
injury, and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric pathology.
A small research group in Japan, the Adult Neurogenesis Kondankai (Conference),
working on various aspects of adult neurogenesis initially conceived these volumes.
Later, two new editors (A.A.‑B. and J.M.P.) joined the project and the original idea
was expanded and appropriately shaped. Our goal is not only to provide a compre‑
hensive knowledge base on adult neurogenesis, but also to share our excitement and
motivation for an extraordinary field in the neurosciences. We believe that these
ingredients will be fundamental to future research in this exciting field towards a
better understanding of how adult neurogenesis is maintained and regulated, and
how it contributes to plasticity and possibly one day to brain therapy.
During the editing of these two volumes, a massive 9.0‑magnitude earthquake
struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011, and tens of thousands of people
died in the resulting tsunami. We dedicate this book to their memory, and offer our
deepest condolences to those who lost loved ones.
Tatsunori Seki
Kazunobu Sawamoto
Jack M. Parent
Arturo Alvarez‑Buylla
Contents
1 Neurogenesis in Monkey and Human Adult Brain .............................. 1
Andréanne Bédard, Patrick J. Bernier, and André Parent
2 Adult Neurogenesis in Parkinson’s Disease .......................................... 23
Hideki Mochizuki
3 Adult Neurogenesis in Epilepsy ............................................................. 37
Sebastian Jessberger and Jack M. Parent
4 Stress Disorders ....................................................................................... 53
Muriel Koehl, Michel Le Moal, and Djoher Nora Abrous
5 Depression ................................................................................................ 99
Shin Nakagawa and Ronald S. Duman
6 Impaired Neurogenesis as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia
and Related Mental Diseases ................................................................. 109
Noriko Osumi and Nannan Guo
7 Neurogenesis from Endogenous Neural Stem Cells
After Stroke: A Future Therapeutic Target to Promote
Functional Restoration? ............................................................................. 133
Olle Lindvall and Zaal Kokaia
8 Perspectives of “PUFA-GPR40 Signaling” Crucial
for Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ................................................... 149
Tetsumori Yamashima
9 Adult Neurogenesis and Neuronal Subtype Specification
in the Neocortex ...................................................................................... 173
Noriyuki Kishi, U. Shivraj Sohur, Jason G. Emsley,
and Jeffrey D. Macklis
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viii Contents
10 Culturing Adult Neural Stem Cells: Application to the Study
of Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Pathology ...................... 189
Seiji Hitoshi, Tod Kippin, and Derek van der Kooy
Index ................................................................................................................. 209
Contents of Volume I
Part I History
1 The Discovery of Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis ............................. 3
Joseph Altman
2 Song Learning in Birds Offers a Model for Neuronal
Replacement in Adult Brain .................................................................. 47
Fernando Nottebohm
Part II Basic Aspects of Neurogenesis
3 Fate Specification of Neural Stem Cells ................................................ 87
Masakazu Namihira and Kinichi Nakashima
4 Fractones: Home and Conductors of the Neural
Stem Cell Niche ....................................................................................... 109
Frederic Mercier, Jason Schnack,
and Maureen Saint Georges Chaumet
Part III Adult Neurogenesis in Non-mammalian Vertebrates
5 Adult Neurogenesis in Teleost Fish ........................................................ 137
Günther K.H. Zupanc
6 Adult Neurogenesis in Reptiles .............................................................. 169
Susana González‑Granero, Melissa Lezameta,
and José Manuel García‑Verdugo
Part IV Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus
7 From Embryonic to Adult Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus .......... 193
Tatsunori Seki
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