Neurogenesis and Neural Plasticity PDF
Preview Neurogenesis and Neural Plasticity
Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 15 Catherine Belzung Peter Wigmore Editors Neurogenesis and Neural Plasticity Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences Volume 15 Series Editors Mark A. Geyer, La Jolla, CA, USA Bart A. Ellenbroek, Wellington, New Zealand Charles A. Marsden, Nottingham, UK For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7854 About this Series Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences provides critical and comprehensive discussions of the most significant areas of behavioral neuroscience research, writtenbyleadinginternationalauthorities.Eachvolumeoffersaninformativeand contemporary account of its subject, making it an unrivalled reference source. Titles in this series are available in both print and electronic formats. With the development of new methodologies for brain imaging, genetic and genomicanalyses,molecularengineeringofmutantanimals,novelroutesfordrug delivery,andsophisticatedcross-speciesbehavioralassessments,itisnowpossible tostudybehaviorrelevanttopsychiatricandneurologicaldiseasesanddisorderson the physiological level. The Behavioral Neurosciences series focuses on ‘‘translational medicine’’ and cutting-edge technologies. Preclinical and clinical trialsforthedevelopmentofnewdiagnosticsandtherapeuticsaswellasprevention efforts are coveredwhenever possible. Catherine Belzung Peter Wigmore • Editors Neurogenesis and Neural Plasticity 123 Editors CatherineBelzung Peter Wigmore INSERM 930 Medical School,Queen’s Medical Centre Faculté desSciences Universityof Nottingham Tours Nottingham France UK ISSN 1866-3370 ISSN 1866-3389 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-36231-6 ISBN 978-3-642-36232-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36232-3 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013936957 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Neuroplasticity is a key feature of adult brain function, enabling adaptation to a continuously changing environment. In the past, it was thought that this process was only significant during the developmental period, making the adult brain relatively inflexible. This idea became hard-wired in the scientific culture, as a dogma, despite evidence from 100 years ago showing that some brain cells are able to undergo mitosis. Proof that these proliferating cells become new neurons required more potent cellular imaging techniques such as confocal microscopy together with the ability to identify cells by double immunolabelling. The same applies to synaptogenesis, as evidence showing that new synapses are constantly being formed and eliminated in the brain required the development of specific novel methodologies. However, behavioral observations, showing that subjects continually learn new information and new procedures throughout their life, strongly suggested a requirement for plasticity and that neuronal changes might underlie such flexibility. For more than 20 years, it has been recognized that these processes, while decreasing with age, occur in some specific areas of the adult brain, from early adulthoodtosenescence,andarenecessaryforbehavioralandcognitiveflexibility. Thisplasticitycanbemorphological,asinthegenerationofnewsynapsesandnew neurons or functional when the strength of synapses changes; as in long-term potentiation or long-term depression. While adult neurogenesis appears to be mainlyrestrictedtothehippocampusandtheolfactorysystem,synaptogenesisand its associated functional changes in plasticity occur in all cortical and subcortical areas. Thus relating these changes to a large number of divergent functions, associated with the brain areas in which this occurs. Synaptogenesis is a rapid process, as formation of new synapses or dendritic spines requires less than two hours. The functional importance of synaptogenesis is closely related to the functionofthebrainareasinwhich ittakesplace, andcan thusprovideincreased flexibilitywhenoccurringinfrontalorhippocampalareas,ordecreasedflexibility in the amygdala or some parts of the striatum. Alterations in adult neurogenesis can produce changes in cognition which might participate in the triggering of v vi Preface pathological conditions such as psychiatric and neurological conditions. Some conditions such as aging or stress induce a decrease in neurogenesis and a remodelling of synaptogenesis (decreased in some regions, and increased in others). This volume aims to provide a synthetic overview of current findings in neu- roplasticity.Thefirstpartfocusesonthecharacterizationoftheseprocesses.While manyaspectsofmemoryformationandretrievalarestilluncertain,itisnowclear that changes in synaptic strength and the recruitment of newly formed neurons to form network units underlies many features of memory. The molecular mecha- nisms in the formation and regulation of these networks together with the gen- eration of new neurons from stem cells are discussed in chapters by Mariana Carastore, Yan Gu, and Ilias Kazanis and their co authors. The chapter of Gilles Gheusietal.investigatesthecharacteristicsofneurogenesisintheolfactorybulbs, focusing on the behavioral consequences of their functional integration. The chapter by Andrea Gómez-Palacio-Shjetnan and Martha Escobar concerns neu- rotrophins, particularly Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and neuro- trophin-3 (NT3), and their role in the stabilization and maturation of already existingsynapses,aswellasintheirabilitytogeneratenewsynapticcontacts.This is crucial for learning and memory. The external features of an individual’s environment have a major impact on brainplasticityandthisiscoveredinthesecondpartofthisbook.Thechapterby TimothyJ.SchoenfeldandElizabethGouldprovidesanewviewabouttheeffects of stress and of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids on hippocampal neuro- genesis. This chapter attempts to understand the paradoxical finding that certain situations, such as physical exercise or an enriched environment which induce a release of glucocorticoids actually increase neurogenesis in contrast to other stressfulsituationswherethesehormoneshavetheoppositeeffect.Thechapterby Michael J. Eckert and Wickliffe C. Abraham is more focused on functional plasticity;itshowshowanearlytransientincreaseincellactivitymightelicitlong- term enhancements in cellular and network function necessary for hippocampus- dependent cognition. Subsequent chapters in this part by Peter Wigmore, Carmen Vivarandco-authors,coverthenegativeimpactofchemotherapyonneurogenesis and memory, while physical exercise improves cognition and may in fact be a means to treat chemotherapy-induced memory decline. The third part of the book describes alterations in brain plasticity occurring in pathological conditions including psychiatric disorders such as depression or addiction and neurological conditions such as neurodegeneration. The chapter by FrancisBambicoandCatherineBelzungdescribesthesynapticreorganizationand hippocampal neurogenesis in relation to depression and to the effects of antide- pressants. It proposes a comprehensive view regarding the dynamic of these changes, suggesting that antidepressant therapy first increases synaptogenesis in frontal areas, which facilitates the initiation of recovery, and then stimulates neurogenesis, which enables the therapeutic effects to become long lasting, pre- ventingrecurrence.ThechapterbyJuanCanalesprovidesevidencesuggestingthat hippocampal neurogenesis might be involved in the emergence and maintenance Preface vii ofaddictivebehavior.Indeed,severalcomponentsofthedownwardspiralingloop thatcharacterizesaddiction,includingelevatedsensitivitytodrug-inducedreward and reinforcement, enhanced neurohormonal responsiveness, emergence of a negative affective state, memory impairment, and inflexible behavior are all related to neurogenesis. Alzheimer’s disease with its associated decline in cog- nition is a major medical concern with an increasingly aging population. The use of transgenic animal models which mimic aspects of the disease and can now be used to test potential treatments is discussed by Michael Marlatt and co-authors. Finally, Aging and Repair are crucial processes related to neuroplasticity. The chapter by Sebastian Couillard-Despres reports studies showing a decline of hip- pocampal neurogenesis associated with normal aging. However, these changes probablydonotunderliethedecreaseincognitivefunctionseeninoldersubjects, as current studies suggest a distinct role of hippocampal neurogenesis in young versus adult and old brain. Stem cell therapy offers the tantalizing prospect of repairing the damaged or degenerating brain. Rebecca Trueman and co-authors discuss the use of endogenous and transplanted stem cells to repair Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease and stroke. We have only started to understand the nature and importance of plasticity to the functioning of the brain. The ability to change and build new circuits in response to both internal and external stimuli makes the brain uniquely able to cope with the demands imposed upon it. This volume discusses recent work ranging from theoretical aspects of cognition, to the detailed cellular and molec- ular biology mechanisms which underlie the functional changes the brain can make. An understanding of these is now opening up avenues to influence these eventsinthetreatmentofawiderangeofneurologicalandpsychiatricconditions. Theseareindeedexcitingtimestobeworkingonbrainplasticityandneurogenesis and the authors gathered togetherhere convey much ofthis excitement in what is becoming a rapidly expanding field. Nottingham, UK Peter Wigmore Tours, France Catherine Belzung Contents Part I Characterization Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain: How Much Do We Need, How Much Do We Have?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ilias Kazanis Neurogenesis and Hippocampal Plasticity in Adult Brain . . . . . . . . . . 31 Yan Gu, Stephen Janoschka and Shaoyu Ge Adult-Born Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb: Integration and Functional Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Gilles Gheusi, Gabriel Lepousez and Pierre-Marie Lledo Network, Cellular, and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Long-Term Memory Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Mariana Carasatorre and Víctor Ramírez-Amaya Neurotrophins and Synaptic Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Andrea Gómez-Palacio-Schjetnan and Martha L. Escobar Part II Environmental Factors Differential Effects of Stress and Glucocorticoids on Adult Neurogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Timothy J. Schoenfeld and Elizabeth Gould Effects of Environmental Enrichment Exposure on Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in the Hippocampus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Michael J. Eckert and Wickliffe C. Abraham ix x Contents All About Running: Synaptic Plasticity, Growth Factors and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Carmen Vivar, Michelle C. Potter and Henriette van Praag The Effect of Systemic Chemotherapy on Neurogenesis, Plasticity and Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Peter Wigmore Part III Diseases Novel Insights into Depression and Antidepressants: A Synergy Between Synaptogenesis and Neurogenesis?. . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Francis Rodriguez Bambico and Catherine Belzung Deficient Plasticity in the Hippocampus and the Spiral of Addiction: Focus on Adult Neurogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Juan J. Canales Prolonged Running, not Fluoxetine Treatment, Increases Neurogenesis, but does not Alter Neuropathology, in the 3xTg Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Michael W. Marlatt, Michelle C. Potter, Thomas A. Bayer, Henriette van Praag and Paul J. Lucassen Part IV Ageing and Repair Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Ageing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Sébastien Couillard-Després Repair of the CNS Using Endogenous and Transplanted Neural Stem Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 R. C. Trueman, A. Klein, H. S. Lindgren, M. J. Lelos and S. B. Dunnett Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
The list of books you might like
