Neuroendocrinology. Volume I

779 Pages·1966·17.099 MB·English

by  Luciano Martini and William F. Ganong (Eds.)

Contributors to Volume I
HOWARD A. BERN S. M. McCANN
B. A. CROSS JOSEPH MEITES
PETER M. DANIEL KARMELA MILKOVIC
JULIAN M. DAVIDSON STEVAN MILKOVIC
J. DE GROOT ELLIOTT MILLS
A. P. S. DHARIWAL MARCELLA MOTTA
BÊLA FLERKO EUGENIO E. MÜLLER
WILLIAM F. GANONG PATRICK J. MULROW
FRANCIS G. W. KNOWLES ANTONIO PECILE
LUCIANO MARTINI SEYMOUR REICHLIN
GIUSEPPE MANGILI VERNON ROWLAND
WILBUR H. SAWYER
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
EDITED BY
LUCIANO MARTINI
ISTITUTO DI FARMACOLOGIA E DI TERAPIA
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI
MDLAN, ITALY
AND
WILLIAM F. GANONG
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
SAN FRANCISCO MEDICAL CENTER
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
VOLUME I
ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London 1966
COPYRIGHT © 1966, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
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Dedication
JOHN D. GREEN
1907-1964
The young science of neuroendocrinology suffered the grievous loss
of one of its most distinguished pioneers in the untimely death, Decem-
ber 10, 1964, of Dr. John D. Green, Professor of Anatomy at the Univer-
sity of California at Los Angeles. At the time of his death, he was
preparing an introductory chapter for this book. Twenty years ago at
Cambridge University Dr. Green joined forces with another English
anatomist, Dr. G. W. Harris, to demonstrate that the pituitary portal
venous system conducted blood from the median eminence to the pars
distalis, an observation strongly supporting the concept that hypotha-
lamic control of the adenohypophysis might be exerted by humoral
agents rather than direct nerve fibers. Later, at Wayne University in
Detroit, he published his classic comparative anatomical study of the
blood supply and innervation of the hypophysis in which he showed
V
VI DEDICATION
that the portal system is a feature common to all air-breathing verte-
brates. Coming to Los Angeles in 1952, Dr. Green added the techniques
of electron microscopy and electroneurophysiology to his research
armamentarium. With electron microscopy he made fundamental con-
tributions to the knowledge of neurosecretion and the ultrastructure of
the median eminence and the hypophysis. With sophisticated electro-
physiological methods he probed the interrelationships of the hypo-
thalamus and the rhinencephalon, recorded unit action potentials from
supraoptic neurons under conditions conducive to secretion of antidiu-
retic hormone, and investigated the effects of rhinencephalic lesions on
sexual behavior. His last investigations concerned the effects of para-
thormone on monosynaptic transmission in the spinal cord. So successful
were his electrophysiological studies that he became an authority on
the hippocampus and other regions of the limbic system as well as the
hypothalamus, and his renown in basic neurophysiology is now as great
as in neuroendocrinology. In these studies he collaborated with more
than a score of scientists from a dozen different countries, many of whom
have gone on to become leading scientists themselves. Dr. Green is
remembered by countless friends not only as a brilliant investigator and
stimulating teacher but also as a modest man of culture with a ready
sense of humor and broad interests beyond his area of research. It is
a fitting tribute to his memory that this treatise on the interdisciplinary
subject to which he made such major contributions, a compendium
under the editorship of two of his personal friends, should be dedicated
in his honor.
CHARLES H. SAWYER
GIUSEPPE MANGILI
1934-1965
Dr. Giuseppe Mangili was born on October 6, 1934 and was educated
in Milan, Italy, receiving his Medical Degree from the State Univer-
sity in 1959. After having been Assistant Professor of Pharmacology for
5 years, Dr. Mangili received his "Libéra Docenza in Pharmacology"
(the Italian equivalent of the Ph.D.) in 1965.
Dr. Mangili's research career spans the era in which neuroendocri-
nology became a completely autonomous and vigorous branch of sci-
ence. His interest in the relationships between the nervous system and
the endocrines began before he graduated, while preparing his thesis
on "The Control of Gonadotrophin Secretion." In more recent years his
DEDICATION VÜ
chief interest has been the study of the nervous mechanisms involved
in the control of ACTH secretion. His contributions in this area are
summarized in Chapter 9 of this treatise, which was the last work he
attended to, with admirable stoicism, while he was already fatally ill.
I first knew him when he was an undergraduate student at the Milan
University. Shortly afterward our collaboration began and continued
without intermission until his premature death. All of us have learned
much from him: he was not only a scientist, but an honest and modest
man.
LUCIANO MARTINI
WILLIAM C. YOUNG
1899-1965
William C. Young was a scientist with an ever present sense of history.
Each phase of his work was assessed in relation to how it would fit in
the over-all picture. Each problem was viewed in its broadest perspec-
tive, not obscured by popular trends, not limited by arbitrary barriers
of academic departments or disciplines. Each program of research was
envisioned as another chapter. The history of scientific research on
problems in reproduction will note his many contributions and his ex-
traordinary creativity. His credo that the privilege of doing research
and teaching, whether in private or government institutions, carried
with it deep obligations to students and society was reflected in the
conscientiousness with which he carried out a lifetime of work. His
pioneer efforts in research on the relationship of hormones to reproduc-
tive behavior won him world recognition. His efforts to help younger
investigators professionally and scientifically won him widespread ad-
miration. To his many friends and associates in the biological and be-
havioral sciences, to the many students and colleagues from Brown
University and the University of Kansas, the death of William C. Young
is an inestimable loss.
CHARLES H. PHOENIX
ROBERT W. GOY
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
HOWARD A. BERN, Department of Zoology, University of California,
Berkeley, California (139)
B. A. CROSS, Sub-Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, England (217)
PETER M. DANIEL, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychia-
try, The Maudsley Hospital, London, England (15)
JULIAN M. DAVIDSON, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine,
Stanford University, Stanford, California (565)
J. DE GROOT, Department of Anatomy, University of California School
of Medicine, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, Cali-
fornia (81)
A. P. S. DHARIWAL,1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (261)
BÊLA FLERKO, Department of Anatomy, University Medical School, Pecs,
Hungary (613)
WILLIAM F. GANONG, Department of Physiology, University of California
School of Medicine, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco,
California (1)
FRANCIS G. W. KNOWLES, Department of Anatomy, Medical School,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (139)
LUCIANO MARTINI, Istituto di Farmacologia e di Terapia, Università degli
Studi, Milan, Italy (297)
GIUSEPPE MANGILI,2 Istituto di Farmacologia e di Terapia, Università
degli Studi, Milan, Italy (297)
S. M. MCCANN,3 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (261)
JOSEPH MEITES, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan (669)
1 Present address: Department of Physiology, University of Texas, Southwestern
Medical School, Dallas, Texas.
2 Deceased.
8 Present address: Department of Physiology, University of Texas, Southwestern
Medical School, Dallas, Texas.
ix
X LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
KARMELA MILKOVIC, Institute of General Biology, Medical Faculty, Uni-
versity of Zagreb, Zagreb, Yugoslavia (371)
STEVAN MILKOVIC, Institute of General Biology, Medical Faculty, Uni-
versity of Zagreb, Zagreb, Yugoslavia (371)
ELLIOTT MILLS,4 Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (187)
MARCELLA MOTTA, Istituto di Farmacologia e di Terapia. Università
degli Studi, Milan, Italy (297)
EUGENIO E. MÜLLER,5 Istituto di Farmacologia e di Terapia, Università
degli Studi, Milan, Italy (537)
PATRICK J. MULROW, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medi-
cine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (407)
ANTONIO PECILE, Istituto di Farmacologia e di Terapia, Università degli
Studi, Milan, Italy (537)
SEYMOUR REICHLIN, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester,
School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York (445)
VERNON ROWLAND, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, West-
ern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (107)
WILBUR H. SAWYER, Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (187)
4 Present address: Department of Physiology, Middlesex Hospital Medical School,
London, England.
5 Present address: Endocrine and Polypeptide Laboratories, Veteran's Administration
Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Preface
The two volumes of this treatise are designed to provide a survey of
all aspects of the rapidly expanding science of neuroendocrinology. Only
in recent years have the relations between the nervous system and the
endocrine system come under intensive scrutiny, but their interactions
have already been shown to be multiple and diverse. This diversity is
reflected in the range of subjects covered; there are chapters on: neural
control of endocrine function; the effects of hormones on the brain;
brain-endocrine interrelations during various phases of development;
and the comparative aspects of neuroendocrine integration. The rela-
tion of brain chemistry to endocrine function, the effect of drugs
on neuroendocrine mechanisms, and the new discipline of clinical
neuroendocrinology have also been considered. Consequently, not only
neurophysiologists and endocrinologists, but pharmacologists, zoologists,
biochemists, psychologists, and those in clinical medicine will find the
treatise of interest. Parts of neuroendocrinology have been discussed in
other works, but this is the first treatise of which we are aware in which
an attempt has been made to cover all ramifications of neuroendocrinol-
ogy. We believe it can be used both as a text for advanced students
and as a reference source.
The individual chapters have been written by experts in their fields.
Each author was instructed to make his chapter a survey of the present
status of the subject he covered, without attempting to review it in an
exhaustive or encyclopedic fashion. Those concerned with research
methods and procedures will be interested in Chapter 4 in which the
techniques of stereotaxis and making lesions are described and in the
appendix to this chapter in which references to the stereotaxic atlases
available for various animal species are provided.
Authors were encouraged to present their own opinions on contro-
versial subjects, and many of them have done so. Consequently, there
is not complete agreement on all subjects from chapter to chapter. How-
ever, the individual authors have done a good job of supporting their
points of view with relevant data and references, so the reader may
explore the controversies in depth and draw his own conclusions.
The preparation of this treatise was marred by the untimely death of
three outstanding neuroendocrinologists who were working on contribu-
tions to it. This treatise is dedicated to these three individuals—John D.
Green, Giuseppe Mangili, and William C. Young.
June, 1966 LUCIANO MARTINI
WILLIAM F. GANONG
XI
Contents of Volume II
CHAPTER 17. Role in Reproductive Physiology of Afferent Impulses from
the Genitalia and Other Regions
M. T. Clegg and L. L. Doyle
CHAPTER 18. Effects of Light and Visual Stimuli on Endocrine Function
Richard J. Wurtman
CHAPTER 19. Modifications in Reproductive Function after Exposure to
Homones during the Prenatal and Early Postnatal Period
Charles A. Barraclough
CHAPTER 20. Control of the Onset of Puberty
Vaughn Critchlow and Mildred Elwers Bar-Sela
CHAPTER 21. Sexual Behavior: General Aspects
Charles H. Phoenix, Robert W. Goy, and William C. Young
CHAPTER 22. Sexual Behavior: Hormonal Control
Robert Ό. Lisk
CHAPTER 23. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone and the Intermediate
Lobe of the Pituitary: Chemistry, Effects, and Mode of Action
Ronald R. Novales
CHAPTER 24. Relation of the Pars Intermedia to the Hypothalamus
William Etkin
CHAPTER 25. Adrenal Medullary Secretion and Its Neural Control
U. S. von Euler
CHAPTER 26. Influence of Hormones on Brain Activity
Dixon M. Woodbury and Antonia Vernadakis
CHAPTER 27. Effects of Drugs on Neuroendocrine Processes
Ernest M. Gold and William F. Ganong
CHAPTER 28. Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Invertebrates
Irvine R. Hagadorn
CHAPTER 29. Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Lower Vertebrates
C. Barker J0rgensen and Lis Olesen Larsen
xix