Neuroendocrinology of Mood PDF
Preview Neuroendocrinology of Mood
Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology Volume 8 Editors Detlev Ganten, Heidelberg· Donald Pfaff, New York Editorial Board Yasumasa Arai" Tokyo . Kjell Fuxe, Stockholm Hiroo Imura, Kyoto . Brian Pickering, Bristol Gunter Stock, Berlin Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology Vol. 1: Sleep. Clinical and Experimental Aspects 1982.47 figures. VII, 129 pages. DM 95,-. ISBN 3-540-11125-5 Neurobiology of REM Sleep. A Possible Role for Dopamine . Endocrine and Peptide Functions in the Sleep-Waking Cycle· Sleep Regulation: Circadian Rhythm and Homeo- stasis· Haemodynamic Changes During Sleep in Man Vol. 2: Adrenal Actions on Brain 1982.25 figures. V, 153 pages. DM 95,-. ISBN 3-540-11126-3 Glucocorticoids and Hippocampus: Receptors in Search of a Function· Glucocorticoids and the Developing Nervous System· Feedback Actions of Adrenal Steroid Hormones· Electro- physiologic and Clinical Aspects of Glucocorticoids on Certain Neural Systems . Adrenal Steroids and Behavioral Adaptation: Relationship to Brain Corticoid Receptors Vol. 3: Central Cardiovascular Control. Basic and Clinical Aspects 1983.71 figures. V, 192 pages. DM 106,-. ISBN 3-540-11350-9 Functional and Anatomic Aspects of Central Nervous Cardiovascular Regulation· Autonomic Nervous System and Blood Pressure Control in Normotensive and Hypertensive Conditions· Reflex Control of Circulation in Normotensive and Hypertensive Humans· Corticotropin- Releasing Factor: Central Nervous System Effects on the Sympathetic Nervous System and Cardiovascular Regulation· Neuropeptides and Central Blood Pressure Regulation· Centrally Acting Drugs as a Tool to Study Central Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Control· The Blood- Brain Barrier and its Role in the Control of Circulating Hormone Effects on the Brain Vol. 4: Neurobiology of Vasopressin 1985.53 figures. V, 203 pages. DM 98,-. ISBN 3-540-11351-7 Biosynthesis of Vasopressin· Electrophysiological Studies of the Magnocellular Neurons· Volume Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion . Vasopressin, Cardiovascular Regulation and Hypertension· Neuroanatomical Pathways Related to Vasopressin Vol. 5: Actions of Progesterone on the Brain 1985. 61 figures. V, 216 pages. DM 98,-. ISBN 3-540-13433-6 Antiprogestins . Progesterone Receptors in Brain and Hypophysis· Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone as Revealed by Neurophysiological Methods· Progesterone Receptors in CNS Correlated with Reproductive Behavior· Estradiol-Progesterone Interactions in the Repro- ductive Behavior of Female Rats· Behavioral Effects on Humans of Progesterone-Related Compounds During Development and in the Adult Vol. 6: Neurobiology of Oxytocin 1986.38 figures. V, 175 pages. DM 98,-. ISBN 3-540-15341-1 Biosynthesis of Oxytocin in the Brain and Peripheral Organs· Regulation of Oxytocin Release· Proteolytic Conversion of Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Related Peptides in the Brain· Oxytocin and Behavior· Oxytocin as an Ovarian Hormone· Oxytocin and the Milk-Ejection Reflex Vol. 7: Morpbology of Hypothalamus and Its Connections 1986. 94 figures. VI, 314 pages. DM 148,-. ISBN 3-540-16919-9 The Pitnitary Portal System . Functional Ultrastructure of Gonadotropes: a Review . Ultrastructure of Anterior Pituitary Cells . Catecholamine-Peptide Interactions in the Hypothalamus . Neuroendocrine Projections to the Median Eminence . Afferents onto Neuroendocrine Cells· Interconnectedness of Steroid Hormone-Binding Neurons: Existence and Implications· Ultrastructure of Regulatory Neuroendocrine Neurons and Functionally Related Structures· Synaptogenesis and Neuronal Plasticity to Gonadal Steroids: Implicatious for the Development of Sexual Dimorphism in the Neuroendocrine Brain D. Ganten and D. Pfaff (Eds.) Neuroendocrinology o/Mood Coeditor K. Fuxe Contributors L. F. Agnati, H. Agren, M. Aronsson, M. S. Bauer, G. P. Chrousos A. Cintra, T. 1. Crow, M. A. Demitrack, M.1. Devlin, 1. N. Ferrier K. Fuxe, P. W. Gold, R. N. Golden, 1.-A. Gustafsson A. Harfstrand, D. S. Janowsky, K. Kalogeras, M. A. Kling B. Levant, P. Linkowski, D. L. Loriaux, N. Matussek H.Y. Meltzer, 1. Mendlewicz, 1. F. Nash Jr., C. B. Nemeroff R. M. Post, S. C. Risch, D. R. Rubinow, L. Terenius L. Traskman-Bendz, B. T. Walsh, S. R. B. Weiss, H. Whitfield P. C. Whybrow, F. A. Wiesel, M. Zoli With 80 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Editors Dr. DETLEV OANTEN, M.D., Ph.D. Pharmakologisches Institut Universitiit Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 366 6900 Heidelberg/FRO Dr. DONALD PFAFF, Ph.D. Rockefeller University York Avenue, and 66th Street New York, NY 10021jUSA Coeditor Dr. KmLL FUXE, M.D. Karolinska Institute P.O. Box 60400 10401 Stockholm, Sweden The picture on the cover has been taken from Nieuwenhuys R., Voogd J., van Huijzen Chr.: The Human Central Nervous System. 2nd Edition. Springer·Veriag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1981 ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72740-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72738-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-72738-2 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Neuroendocrinology of mood. (Current topics in neuroendocrinology; v. 8) Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Mood (psychology) - Physiological aspects. 2. Neuroendocrinology. 3. Neurotransmitters. 4. Affective disorders - Physiological aspects. I. Ganten, D. (Detlev), 1941-. II. PfatT, Donald W., 1939-. III. Fuxe, Kjell. IV. Agnati,Luigi Francesco. V. Series. QP401.N37 1988 616.89'071 88-4897 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereofis only permitted under the provisions ofthe German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1988 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no gnarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Typesetting, printing and binding: Briihlsche Universitiitsdruckerei, Giessen 2121/3145-543210 Table of Contents Principles for the Hormone Regulation of Wiring Transmission and Volume Transmission in the Central Nervous System By K. Fuxe, L. F. Agnati, A. Harfstrand, A. Cintra, M. Aronsson, M. Zoli, and J.-A. Gustafsson With 35 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Clinical Studies with Corticotropin Releasing Hormone: Implications for Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Dysfunction in Depression and Related Disorders By P. W. Gold, M.A. Kling, M.A. Demitrack, H. Whitfield, K. Kalogeras, D. L. Loriaux, and G. P. Chrousos With 11 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Biological Rhythms and Mood Disorders By J. Mendlewicz and P. Linkowski With 3 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Recurrent Affective Disorders: Lessons from Limbic Kindling By R. M. Post, S. R. B. Weiss, and D. R. Rubinow With 14 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 The Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotics and Antidepressant Drugs By F.A. Wiesel and L. Traskman-Bendz. . . .. . ... 117 Catechohimines and Mood: Neuroendocrine Aspects By N. Matussek With 6 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Serotonin and Mood: Neuroendocrine Aspects By H. Y. Meltzer and J. F. Nash Jr.. . . . . . 183 Cholinergic Mechanisms in Mood: Neuroendocrine Aspects By D. S. Janowsky, R. N. Golden, and S. C. Risch . . . . . 211 The Psychobiology of Neurotensin By B. Levant and C. B. Nemeroff With 6 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 VI Table of Contents Cholecystokinin and Mood By 1. N. Ferrier and T. J. Crow. . ... 263 Opioid Peptides and Mood: Neuroendocrine Aspects By H. Agren and L. Terenius . . . . . . . . . . . 273 The Neuroendocrinology of Anorexia Nervosa By M.J. Devlin and B. T. Walsh With 5 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Effects of Peripheral Thyroid Hormones on the Central Nervous System: Relevance to Disorders of Mood By P. C. Whybrow and M. S. Bauer. 309 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . 329 Principles for the Hormone Regulation of Wiring Transmission and Volume Transmission in the Central Nervous System * K. Fuxe 1, L. F. Agnati 2, A. Harfstrand 1, A. Cintra 1, M. Aronsson 1 M. Zoli 2 and J .-A. Gustafsson 3 Contents 1 Introduction . 2 Humoral Modulation of Wiring Transmission . . . 7 3 Actions of Gonadal Steroids on Wiring Transmission 7 3.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2 Studies on Presynaptic Features of Monoamine Neurons. 10 3.3 Studies on Monoamine Receptor Mechanisms . 12 4 Actions of Glucocorticoids on Wiring Transmission. . . . . 15 4.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2 Morphometric and Microdensitometric Analysis of GR Immunoreactivity in the Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.3 Studies on Presynaptic Features of Monoamine Neurons. 30 4.4 Studies on Monoamine Receptor Mechanisms . . 32 5 Actions of Thyroid Hormones on Wiring transmission. . . . 34 5.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.2 Studies on Presynaptic Features of Monoamine Neurons . 35 5.3 Studies on Monoamine Receptor Mechanisms 36 6 The Humoral Modulation of Volume Transmission 38 7 Aspects on the Organization Principles of the CNS 38 7.1 Modules of Wiring Transmission . . . . . . 40 7.2 Modules of Volume Transmission. . . . . . 41 7.3 Functional Aspects on the Modular Organization 41 8 Summary 43 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1 Introduction We have recently suggested the existence in the central nervous system of two types of electrochemical transmission, namely wiring transmission (WT) and volume transmission (VT) (see Agnati et al. 1986a, b). The concepts are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. VT is a humoral type of chemical transmission. However, it * This work has been supported by a grant (04X-715) from the Swedish Medical Research Council, a grant (MH25504) from the NIH, a grant from the Wallenberg Foundation, and CNR-I, MDI grants 1 Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, P.O. Box 60400, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden 2 Department of Human Physiology, University of Modena, Modena, Italy 3 Department of Medical Nutrition, Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology, Vol. 8 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988 tv Table 1. Main features of morpho functional roles of glial cells and neurons in wiring transmission and volume transmission Glial functions Neuron functions ~ Physical Biochemical Physical Biochemical 'T1 ~ >d ('!) Wiring Electrical synapse Synapse Modulation of Location of Modulation of ('!) .... transmission segregation coupling via ECF synapse coupling via ICF !='-- Chemical synapse Synapse Modulation of Location of Control of the efficacy segregation synaptic cleft Synapse of transmission lines microenvironment and their interplay Volume Electrotonic signals Shaping of ECF Control of ECF ion Location of sources Control of sources and transmission pathways for composition and sinks for sinks for signals signal diffusion signals Humoral signals Shaping of ECF Release, uptake and Location of release Release, uptake and pathways for metabolism of and recognition metabolism of signal diffusion signals sites for signals signals ECF /ICF, extracellular/intracellular fluid Table 2. The major characteristics of wiring transmission versus volume transmission I Volume Transmission 1 + 1 • I- • 1-- Electronic Signals Paracrine Signals Endocrine Signals I I I :I: Speed of Degree of Segregation Plasticity Preferential information transmission divergence ("safety" of the processing transmission) I Wiring transmission: Neuron- High Low to moderate High Low to moderate Elementary elaboration 8- linked electrochemical Short-term action CIl transmission Volume transmission: Humoral Low High to Low High to Holistic elaboration ~g. ("open") electrochemical very high very high Long-term action transmission i §. ~. g w 4 K. Fuxe et al. • TltAN.MI~ltCTl DltECE~(lIl _... .. - / ... CCINDUCTANC .. COIIIPU. T It CHANQaI tN ....,...,. . JC fiJo_g ~ ®l ~~. CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION AT LOCAL CIM:UIT LEVt:L / / '//' / .L/"'/ -1 ~/ ,~~ - ) "",T" " LOC"L CMICUIT Moe_WI_MI'" ( 0 I M IUC'_oe .... 0 _"IM!CAL _U.w;tIO ... Fig. I. Integrative features of the chemical synapse. The multiple transmission lines of the intramembrane receptor-receptor interactions are illustrated. The local circuit is shown as an electrometabolic unit consists not only of humoral and paracrine signals, diffusing in the extracellular fluid to reach the appropriate receptors, but also of electrotonic signals, which also operate in the extracellular fluid. In fact, the extracellular space of the brain consti- tutes a restricted microenvironment. Thus, ion fluxes across cellular membranes can induce substantial changes in the ion composition. These ionic fluctuations in the extracellular fluid and the ionic fluxes from sources to sinks may represent
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