Neurobiology of the Trace Amines: Analytical, Physiological, Pharmacological, Behavioral, and Clinical Aspects

583 Pages·1984·37.06 MB·English

by  William G. Dewhurst (auth.), A. A. Boulton, G. B. Baker, W. G. Dewhurst, M. Sandler (eds.)

Neurobiology of the Trace Amines
Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience
Neurobiology of the Trace Amines, edited by R. R. Boulton,
G. B. Boker, W. G. Dewhurst, and M. Sondler, 7984
Neural Membranes, edited by Groce Y. Sun, Nicolos Bozon,
long-Yen Wu, Giuseppe Parcell ot, and Rlbert Y. Sun, 7983
NEUROBIOLOGY OF THE
TRACE AMINES
Analytical, Physiological, Pharmacological,
Behavioral, and Clinical Aspects
Edited bL,J
A. A. BOULTON, G. B. BAKER,
W. G. DEWHURST, and M. SANDLER
Humana Press · Clifton, New Jersey
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Neurobiology of the trace amines.
"Based on the proceedings of Trace amines and the
neurosciences, a meeting held at the University of
Alberta, Edmonton, July 19-21, 1983 .... organized as a
satellite meeting of the ninth meeting of the Internation-
al Society for Neurochemistry, held in Vancouver,
July 10-15, 1983"--Pref.
Includes index.
1. Biogenic amines--Congresses. 2. Neurochemistry--
Congresses. I. Boulton, A. A. II. International Society
for Neurochemistry. Meeting (9th : 1983: Vancouver,
B.C.) [DNLM: I. Amines--Congresses. QU 60 N494 1983]
QP80I. B66N48 1984 612' .8042 84-626
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9781-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5312-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5312-9
©1984 The Humana Press Inc.
Crescent Manor
PO Box 2148
Clifton, NJ 07015
All rights reserved.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written
permission from the Publisher.
Proceedings of a meeting held at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, July 19-21, 1983.
PREFACE
Many of the trace amines-more correctly called biogenic amines-
have been known for decades, but because of their tiny concentra-
tions (0.01-100 ng/g) in brain, it was only after the development of
sophisticated analytical techniques (such as mass spectrometry) that
they could be identified and quantitated in nervous tissue.
There are now more than 20 of them and most are related to the
catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine both structurally and
metabolically. Their pharmacological and physiological properties
make them prime candidates for a transmitter or neuromodulator role
and many of them elicit profound behavioral syndromes after
injection--one of them, phenylethylamine, has even been referred to
as nature's amphetamine.
In the clinical sphere several have been shown to be involved in:
Parkinsonism, schizophrenia, depression, agoraphobia, aggression,
hyperkinesis, migraine, hypertensive crises, hypertyrosinemia, he-
patic encephalopathy, epilepsy, and cystic fibrosis. Thus the research
reported here on these intriguing "new" substances will be of great
interest to psychiatrists, neurologists, biochemists, pharmacologists,
physiologists, psychologists, behaviorists and indeed to all those
working in the neurosciences and related fields today.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book is based on the proceedings of Trace Amines and the
Neurosciences, a meeting held at the University of Alberta, Edmonton,
July 19-21, 1983. This meeting was organized as a Satellite Meeting
of the Ninth Meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry,
held in Vancouver, July 10-15, 1983. International organizers of the
satellite meeting were Drs. A. A. Boulton (Saskatoon), W. G. Dewhurst
(Edmonton), G. B. Baker (Edmonton), and M. Sandler (London). Mem-
bers of the local organizing committee in Edmonton were G. B. Baker,
W. G. Dewhurst, M. M. Ferguson, R. T. Coutts, and R. A. Locock.
The meeting was made possible by major conference grants from
the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research, the Medical
Research Council of Canada, and the University of Alberta, and by
grants-in-aid from (in alphabetical order) Amersham Corporation,
Beckman Instruments Inc., Bristol-Myers Inc., Ciba-Geigy Canada Ltd.,
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd., Mandel Scientific Co. Ltd., Novopharm
Ltd., Pfizer Canada Inc., Rh6ne-Poulenc Pharma Inc., Smith Kline &
French Canada Ltd., SqUibb Canada Inc., Upjohn Company of Canada,
and Wyeth Ltd.
We acknowledge with pleasure the presence of Dr. lionel McLeod,
President of the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research,
who opened the conference.
CONTENTS
Preface... ... . ... . ... . ... ... ..... ... . ... .... ... ... . .... . .... . v
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
list of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
A. INTAODUOION
Trace Amines: The Early Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
W. G. Dewhurst
Trace Amines and the Neurosciences: An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A. A. Boulton
B. ANALYSIS
Invited Communications
Quantification of Trace Amines and Their Metabolites by High
Resolution or Metastable Analysis Using Double Focussing Mass
Spectrometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
D. A. Durden
The Use of Enzymatic Radioisotopic Microassays for the
Quantification of ~-Phenylethylamine, Phenylethanolamine,
Tyramine, and Octopamine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
J. M. Saavedra
Gas Chromatography for Analysis of the Trace Amines in Tissues and
Body Fluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
G. B. Baker, R. T. Coutts, and I. L Martin
Free Communications
Studies on Tryptamine Metabolism by GC-MS and HPLC Techniques. 71
C. Sunol, J. M. Tusell, F. Artigas, E. Martinez, A. Adell, and E. Gelpi
A Rapid and Specific Technique for the Extraction of Tyramine and
.octopamine from Biological Tissues for HPLC Analysis. . . . . . . . . . 85
B. A. Bailey, A. J. Martin, and R. G. H. Downer
Analysis of Octopamine, Dopamine, 5-Hydroxtn,lptamine, and
Tryptophan in the Brain and Nerve Cord of the American
Cockroach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . . . . . . . . . 91
R. J. Martin, B. A. Bailey, and R. G. H. Downer
ix
x Contents
Natural Occurrence and Metabolism of the Isomeric Octopamines and
Synephrines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
C. M. Williams, M. W. Couch, and J. M. Midgley
Octopamine is Present in Retinas of Various Mammalian Species. . .. 107
T. P. Hicks and D. Parkinson
C. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
Invited Communications
Investigation of Trace Amine Metabolism in the Central Nervous
System through Measurements on Cerebrospinal Fluid. . . . . . . . .. 115
S. N. Young
Analysis of Trace Amines: Endogenous Levels and the Effects of
Various Drugs on Tissue Concentrations in the Rat. . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
S. R. Philips
Drug-Induced Changes in the Central Metabolism of Tyramine and
Other Trace Monoamines: Their Possible Role in Brain Functions. 145
A. V. Juorio
Aminergic Control of the Electrocorticogram: A Progress Report. . . . .. 163
C. H. Vanderwolf
Neuronal Transport of Trace Amines: An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185
L E. Dyck
Electrophysiological Studies of the Possible Role of Trace Amines in
Synaptic Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 205
A. S. G. Jones
Effects of Octopamine and Serotonin on Neurones of Aplt,lsia
Califomica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225
T. P. Hicks, J. P. Edstrom, and K. Lukowiak
Free Communications
Individual Housing Stress Elevates Brain and Adrenal Tryptamine
Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 249
A. E. W. Harrison and S. T. Christian
The Uptake and Release of 14C-Tryptamine by Rat Brain Slices. . . . .. 257
L E. Dyck
Tryptamine-Induced Changes in Endogenous 5-Hydroxytryptamine
and [3HI-5-HT Release from Mouse Hypothalamic Slices. . . . . . .. 265
C. M. Robinson and C. A. Marsden
Effect of Chronic Haloperidol on the Levels of Blood and Urinary
Phenylethylamine and Phenylacetic Acid in Rats. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 271
P. A. Shea, S. E. Wade, S. D. Dunlop, and H. C. Hendrie
Contents xi
A Comparison of Effects of Acute and Chronic Administration of
Phenelzine and Tranylcypromine on Brain Concentrations of
2-Phenylethylamine, p-Tyramine, and Tryptamine in the Rat ... " 277
G. B. Saker, D. f. LeGatt, and A. T. Coutts
Phenylethylamine Deamination in the Noradrenergic Neurotransmitter
System.................................................. 283
N. A. Garrick and D. L Murphy
Effect of lignocaine on Tyramine and Serotonin Oxidation in Brain. .. 291
S. J. Haque and M. K. Poddar
Degradation Kinetics by MAO of PEA Derivatives. A Model for the
Molecular Basis of Their Analgesic and Behavioral Effects? ... " 299
A. D. Mosnaim, M. E. Wolf, and E. A. Zeller
The Kinetics of Hydroxylation of Phenylethylamine, Amphetamine,
and Phenylalanine in Rodent Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 307
O. Callagahn, A. Mosnaim, J. Chevesich, and M. E. Wolf
Chronotropic and Inotropic Selectivity of Substituted
Phenylethylamines in the Isolated, Perfused Rabbit Heart . . . . .. 313
D. M. ferguson and A. J. Vazquez
Trace Amine-Peptide Interactions on Central Neurones: I. Tryptamine
and Substance P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 321
R. S. G. Jones
Trace Amine-Peptide Interactions: II. Phenylethylamine and
Enkephalin; p-Tyramine and Enkephalin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 327
R. S. G. Jones
D. BEHAVIOR
Invited Communications
Beto-Phenylethylamine: Some Preliminary Chronic Studies. . . . . . . . . .. 335
D. M. Jackson and O. f. Jenkins
I3-Phenylethylamine: A Functional Role at the Behavioral Level? . . . .. 351
A. J. Greenshaw
Differentiation of Phenylethylamine (PE)- and Amphetamine (AMPH)-
Induced Behaviors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 375
B. I. Diamond, A. Hitri, C. Shah, and R. L Sorison
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of I3-Phenylethylamine
Stereotypy in Rodents: Implications for a I3-Phenylethylamine
Animal Model of Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 389
C. T. Dourish
xii Contents
Free Communications
Effects of Tryptamine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine on Food Intake in the
Rat... . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... .. . .. .. . .. .. .... .. .. .. ..... .. . .. 415
C. T. Dourish and J. Broadbent
5-HT Involvement in Tryptamine-Induced Behavior in Mice. . . . . . . . . .. 423
J. Irons, C. M. Robinson, and C. A. Marsden.
Hypodipsic Effects of I3-Phenylethylamine, Phenylethanolamine,
N-Methylphenylethylamine, and cJ..Amphetamine: A Temporal
Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 429
J. Broadbent, A. J. Greenshaw, and A. A. Boulton.
Taste-Dependent Effects of Low Doses of I3-Phenylethylamine and
cJ..Amphetamine on Drinking in the Rat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 435
S. Turkish, C. T. Dourish, and S. J. Cooper.
I3-Phenylethylamine and cJ..Amphetamine: Differential Potency in the
Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 441
A. J. Greenshaw and C. T. Dourish
Locomotor Stimulant Effect of I3-Phenylethylamine-Naloxone . . . . . . .. 449
C. T. Dourish and S. J. Cooper
E. CLINICAL STUDIES
Invited Communications
The Origin, Drug Interaction, Urine, Plasma, and CSF Concentrations of
Phenylacetic Acid in Normal and Psychiatric Subjects. . . . . . . . . .. 457
F. Karoum, E. F. Torrey, D. L Murphy, and R. J. Wyatt
The Catabolism of Trace Amines in Some Psychiatric Disorders. . . . .. 475
P. H. Yu, B. A. Davis, A. D. Bowen, S. Wormith, D. Addington, and
A. A. Boulton
Tyramine and Depressive Illness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 487
M. Sandler, S. M. Bonham-Carter, and P. L Walker
Phenethylamine, Tyramine, and Other Trace Amines in Patients with
Affective Disorders: Associations with Clinical State and
Antidepressant Drug Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 499
D. L. Murphy, F. Karoum, I. Alterman, S. lippert, and A. J. Wyatt
Phenylethylamine and Schizophrenia-Clinical and Pharmacological
Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 515
G. P. Reynolds.
Urinary Excretion of Tryptamine in Compatison to Normetanephrine
and beto-Phenylethylamine in Human Volunteers after
Subchronic Treatment with Different Monoamine Oxidase
Inhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 525
P. R. Bieck, E. Nilsson, C. Schick, P. C. Waldmeier, and J. Lauber