Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina PDF
Preview Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina
Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina The front cover illustration shows a transverse section of the parafocal area of a monkey's outer retina. The inserts on the back cover are tangential views of the outer nuclear layer. (Courtesy of Dr Ron Douglas, photomicrography by Sinclair Stammers.) Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina Edited by M.B.A. Djamgoz Professor of Neurobiology Department of Biology Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine London UK S.N. Archer Senior Research Fellow International Marine Centre Oristano Italy and S. Vallerga Senior Researcher Institute of Cybernetics and Biophysics Italian National Research Council Genoa Italy SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. First edition 1995 © 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995 Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon ISBN 978-94-010-4237-6 ISBN 978-94-011-0533-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0533-0 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-67595 Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Contents List of contributors vii Preface xi 1. Development and morphological organization of photoreceptors 1 Pamela A. Raymond 2. Cell biology and metabolic activity of photoreceptor cells: light-evoked and circadian regulation 25 P. Michael Iuvone 3. Determinants of visual pigment spectral location and photoreceptor cell spectral sensitivity 57 Ellis R. Loew 4. Molecular biology of visual pigments 79 Simon Archer 5. Phototransduction, excitation and adaptation 105 Satoru Kawamura 6. Photoreceptor synaptic output: neurotransmitter release and photoreceptor coupling 133 Steven Barnes 7. Photoreceptor-horizontal cell connectivity, synaptic transmission and neuromodulation 155 Mustafa B.A. Djamgoz, Hans-Joachim Wagner and Paul Witkovsky 8. Horizontal cell coupling and its regulation 195 Mark W. Hankins 9. Cross-talk between cones and horizontal cells through the feedback circuit 221 Marco Piccolino 10. Neurotransmitter release from horizontal cells 249 Stephen Yazulla v Contents 11. The organization of photoreceptor to bipolar synapses in the outer plexiform layer 273 Helga Kolb and Ralph Nelson 12. Photoreceptor-bipolar cell transmission 297 Richard Shiells 13. Functional architecture of mammalian outer retina and bipolar cells 325 Peter Sterling, Robert C. Smith, Rukmini Rao and Noga Vardi 14. Neurotransmitter release from bipolar cells 349 Masao Tachibana 15. Interplexiform cell connectivity in the outer retina 369 Robert E. Marc 16. The involvement of Muller cells in the outer retina 395 Andreas Reichenbach and Stephen R. Robinson 17. Clinical aspects: outer retinal dystrophies 417 Alan C. Bird 18. Clinical aspects: retinitis pigmentosa 447 Eberhart Zrenner, Eckart Apfelstedt-Sylla and Klaus RUther 19. Clinical aspects: paraneoplastic retinopathy 461 Ann H. Milam 20. Clinical aspects: Parkinson's disease 473 Ivan Bodis-Wollner and Andrea Antal Index 493 vi Contributors Andrea Antal Alan C. Bird Division of Neurology Institute of Ophthalmology University of Nebraska Medical Center Moorfields Eye Hospital 660 S 42nd Street Department of Clinical Ophthalmology Omaha City Road NE 68198-2045 London EC1 V 2PD USA UK Eckart Apfelstedt-Sylla Ivan Bodis-Wollner Department of Neuro-ophthalmology and Department of Neurology Pathophysiology of Vision SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn University Eye Hospital 450 Clarkson A venue Schleichstrasse 12-16 Brooklyn 72076 Tiibingen NY 11203-2098 Germany USA Simon Archer Mustafa B.A. Djamgoz International Marine Centre Department of Biology Lungomare Eleonora d' Arborea 22 Neurobiology Group 09072 Torregrande Imperial College of Science, Technology Oristano and Medicine Italy Prince Consort Road London SW7 2BB UK Steven Barnes Neuroscience Research Group and Lions Sight Centre University of Calgary Mark W. Hankins Faculty of Medicine Gunnar Svaetichin Laboratory 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. Imperial College at Silwood Park Calgary Ascot Alberta Berkshire SL5 7PY Canada T2N 4N1 UK vii Contributors P. Michael Iuvone National Institute of Neurological Disorders Emory University School of Medicine and Stroke Department of Pharmacology National Institutes of Health Atlanta Bethesda GA 30322-3090 MD 20892 USA USA Satoru Kawamura Marco Piccolino Department of Physiology Instituto di Fisiologia Generale Keio University, School of Medicine Universita di Ferrara Shinano-machi 35 Via L. Borsari 46 Shinjuku-ku 44100 Ferrara (Italy) Tokyo 160 and Japan Instituto di Neurofisiologia del CNR Via S. Zeno 51 Helga Kolb 56110 Pisa John A. Moran Eye Center Italy University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Rukmini Rao UT 84132 University of Pennsylvania USA Department of Neuroscience Philadelphia Ellis R. Loew PA 19104-6058 Physiology USA Cornell University Ithaca Pamela A. Raymond NY 14853 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology USA University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Robert E. Marc MI48109--616 John Moran Eye Center USA University of Utah Health Services Center 50 North Medical Drive Salt Lake City Andreas Riechenbach UT 84132 Carl Ludwig Institute of Physiology USA Leipzig University Liebigstrasse 27 Ann H. Milam D 04103 Department of Ophthalmology RJ-10 Leipzig University of Washington Germany Seattle Washington Stephen R. Robinson USA Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre The University of Queensland Ralph Nelson Brisbane Laboratory of Neurophysiology Australia viii Contributors Klaus Ruther Noga Vardi Department of Neuro-ophthalmology and University of Pennsylvania Pathophysiology of Vision Department of Neuroscience University Eye Hospital Philadelphia Schleichstrasse 12-16 PA 19104-6058 72176 Tiibingen USA Germany Hans-Joachim Wagner Richard Shiells Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tiibingen Department of Physiology Anatomisches Institut Osterberstrasse 3 University College London D 72-74 Tiibingen Gower Street Germany London WClE 6BT UK Paul Witkovsky Robert G. Smith Department of Ophthalmology University of Pennsylvania New York University Medical Center Department of Neuroscience 550 First Avenue Philadelphia New York PA 19104-6058 NY 10016 USA USA Peter Sterling Stephen Yazulla University of Pennsylvania Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Neuroscience University of Stony Brook Philadelphia Stony Brook PA 19104-6058 NY 11794-5230 USA USA Masao Tachibana Department of Psychiatry Eberhart Zrenner Faculty of Letters Department of Neuro-ophthalmology and The University of Tokyo Pathophysiology of Vision 7-3-1 Hongo University Eye Hospital Bunkgo-ku Schleichstrasse 12-16 Tokyo 113 72076 Tiibingen Japan Germany ix Preface This book deals with the cellular biology, biochemistry and physiology of photoreceptors and their interactions with the second-order neurons, bipolar and horizontal cells. The focus is upon the contributions made by these neurons to vision. Thus the basic neurobiology of the outer retina is related to the visual process, and visual defects that could arise from abnormalities in this part of the retina are highlighted in the first 16 chapters. Since all vertebrate retinas have the same basic structure and physiological plan, examples are given from a variety of species, with an emphasis upon mammals, extending to human vision. The last four chapters approach the problem from the other end. This part of the book covers a range of clinical conditions involving visual abnormalities that are due to cellular defects in the outer retina. Although the contents of this book do not represent the proceedings of a conference, the concept arose at an international symposium on 'Recent Advances in Retinal Research' which was held at the International Marine Centre in Oristano, Sardinia. We hope that the book will give a coherent, up to date review of the neurobiology and clinical aspects of the outer retina and encourage further integration of these areas. Retinal neurobiology has been an intense field of investigation for several decades. More recently, it has seen significant advances with the application of modern techniques of cell and molecular biology. We hope that the book will be instrumental in the ultimate exploitation of this knowledge in clinical practice. In trying to achieve these aims, we depended on numerous people to whom we are grateful. We particularly appreciated the patience and co-operation of all the contributing authors, especially at times when we pressed them to make modifications to their chapters in order to maximize the integration of the neurobiological and clinical aspects of the topics being covered, and to meet deadlines. In choosing a restricted group of authors to realize the envisaged product, we inadvertantly could not involve many other experts in the field. However, we trust that all major findings essential to the philosophy of the book have been sufficiently represented. Finally, we would like to thank Rachel Young and staff at Chapman & Hall for their unfailing advice and support (and patience) in realizing the aims of the project. M.B.A. Djamgoz, S.N. Archer and S. Vallerga London and Oristano 1994 xi
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