Neuroanatomy and neuroscience at a glance

162 Pages·2012·9.76 MB·English

by  Roger A Barker

This edition is dedicated to Imogen Rose Barker, who died tragically February 2007:
a wonderful daughter and an inspiration to many.
Companion website
This book has an accompanying website at:
www.ataglanceseries.com/neuroscience
Features:
• Interactive multiple choice questions for each chapter
• Self-assessment case studies from the book and extra online case studies
• Chapter key points for revision
• Flashcards of key figures with interactive on/off labels
• Figures from the book in PowerPoint format
• Neuroscience and medical glossaries
Neuroanatomy
and Neuroscience
at a Glance
Roger A. Barker
BA, MBBS, MRCP, PhD
Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Neurology
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, UK
Francesca Cicchetti
PhD
Centre de Recherche du CHUL (CHUQ)
Université Laval
Québec
Canada
and Neuropharmacology by
Michael J. Neal
DSc, PhD, MA, BPharm
Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology
Department of Pharmacology
King’s College
London, UK
Fourth Edition
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Previous editions © 1999, 2003, 2008 Roger Barker and Stephen Barasi
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Barker, Roger A., 1961–
Neuroanatomy and neuroscience at a glance / Roger A. Barker, Francesca
Cicchetti ; and neuropharmacology by Michael J. Neal. – 4th ed.
p. ; cm. – (At a glance series)
Rev. ed. of: Neuroscience at a glance / Roger A. Barker, Stephen Barasi ;
and neuropharmacology by Michael J. Neal.. 3rd ed. 2008.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-65768-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)
I. Cicchetti, Francesca. II. Neal, M. J. III. Barker, Roger A., 1961– Neuroscience at a
glance. IV. Title. V. Series: At a glance series (Oxford, England)
[DNLM: 1. Nervous System Physiological Phenomena. 2. Nervous System–anatomy &
histology. 3. Nervous System Diseases. WL 102]
616.8–dc23
2011042259
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 9/11.5 pt TimesNRMT by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2012
Contents
Introduction 6 Part 4 Motor systems
Acknowledgements 7 35 Organization of the motor systems 78
List of abbreviations 8 36 Muscle spindle and lower motor neurone 80
37 Spinal cord motor organization and locomotion 82
Part 1 Anatomical and functional organization 38 Cortical motor areas 84
1 Development of the nervous system 10 39 Primary motor cortex 86
2 Organization of the nervous system 12 40 Cerebellum 88
3 Autonomic nervous system 14 41 Basal ganglia: anatomy and physiology 92
4 Enteric nervous system 16 42 Basal ganglia diseases and their treatment 94
5 Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid 18
6 Blood supply to the central nervous system 20 Part 5 Consciousness and higher
7 Cranial nerves 22 brain function
8 Anatomy of the brainstem 24 43 Reticular formation and sleep 96
9 Organization of the spinal cord 26 44 Consciousness and theory of mind 98
10 Organization of the cerebral cortex and thalamus 28 45 Limbic system and long-term potentiation 100
11 Hypothalamus 30 46 Memory 102
47 Emotion, motivation and drug addiction 104
Part 2 Cells and neurophysiology 48 Neural plasticity and neurotrophic factors I:
12 Cells of the nervous system I: neurones 32 the peripheral nervous system 106
13 Cells of the nervous system II: neuroglial cells 34 49 Neural plasticity and neurotrophic factors II:
14 Ion channels 36 the central nervous system 108
15 Resting membrane and action potential 38
16 Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and synapses 40 Part 6 Applied neurobiology: the principles
17 Nerve conduction and synaptic integration 42 of neurology and psychiatry
18 Neurotransmitters, receptors and their pathways 44 50 Approach to the patient with
19 Main CNS neurotransmitters and their function 46 neurological problems 110
20 Skeletal muscle structure 48 51 Examination of the nervous system 112
21 Skeletal muscle contraction 50 52 Investigation of the nervous system 114
53 Imaging of the central nervous system 116
Part 3 Sensory systems 54 Clinical disorders of the sensory systems 118
22 Sensory systems: an overview 52 55 Clinical disorders of the motor system 120
23 Sensory transduction 54 56 Eye movements 122
24 Visual system I: the eye and retina 56 57 Neurochemical disorders I: affective disorders 124
25 Visual system II: the visual pathways and 58 Neurochemical disorders II: schizophrenia 126
subcortical visual areas 58 59 Neurochemical disorders III: anxiety 128
26 Visual system III: visual cortical areas 60 60 Neurodegenerative disorders 130
27 Auditory system I: the ear and cochlea 62 61 Neurophysiological disorders: epilepsy 132
28 Auditory system II: the auditory pathways 62 Neuroimmunological disorders 134
and language 64 63 Neurogenetic disorders 136
29 Vestibular system 66 64 Cerebrovascular disease 138
30 Olfaction and taste 68 65 Neuroradiological anatomy 140
31 Somatosensory system 70
32 Pain systems I: nociceptors and Part 7 Self-assessment case studies
nociceptive pathways 72 Case studies and questions 143
33 Pain systems II: pharmacology and management 74 Answers 148
34 Association cortices: the posterior parietal and
prefrontal cortex 76 Index 153
A companion website is available for this book at: www.ataglanceseries.com/neuroscience
Contents 5
Introduction
Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience at a Glance is designed primarily ters 12–21); the sensory components of the nervous system (Chap-
for medical students as a revision text or review of basic neuro- ters 22–34); the motor components of the nervous system (Chapters
science mechanisms, rather than a comprehensive account of the 35–42); the autonomic, limbic and brainstem systems underlying
field of medical neuroscience. The book does not attempt to wakefulness and sleep along with neural plasticity (Chapters 43–
provide a systematic review of clinical neurology, although one of 49); and, finally, a section on the approach, investigation and
the new features of the fourth edition is the introduction of more range of clinical disorders of the nervous system (Chapters 50–65).
clinical cases to illustrate how neurology builds on a good knowl- We have included new chapters on the enteric nervous system, the
edge of basic neuroscience. In addition, the changing nature of major central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters and their
medical training has meant that rather than teaching being disci- function, language, stroke and the approach to the patients with
pline based (anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, etc.), the current a neurological problem.
approach is much more integrated with the focus on the entire Each section builds on the previous ones to some extent, and so
system. Students pursuing a problem-based learning course will reading the introductory chapter may give a greater understanding
also benefit from the concise presentation of integrated material. to later chapters in that section; for example, the somatosensory
This book summarizes the rapidly expanding field of neuro- system chapter (Chapter 31) may be better read after the chapter
science with reference to clinical disorders, such that the material on the general organization of sensory systems (Chapter 22).
is set in a clinical context with the later chapters being more clini- In this latest edition of the book we have attempted to further
cally oriented. However, learning about the organization of the integrate the clinical relevance of neurobiology into the text and
nervous system purely from clinical disorders is short-sighted as website and brought in a new approach and author, Dr Francesca
the changing nature of medical neuroscience means that areas with Cicchetti. This, coupled to the feedback we received from students,
little clinical relevance today may become more of an issue in the teachers and professors, accounts for the restructuring of the book
future. An example of this is ion channels and the recent burgeon- and the addition of new chapters. We have also now included at
ing of a host of neurological disorders secondary to a channel- the end of each chapter a ‘Did you know?’ section while Section 7
opathy. For this reason, some chapters focus more on scientific consists of relevant clinical scenarios for each chapter along with
mechanisms with less clinical emphasis. questions and answers. The companion website has key revision
Each chapter presents the bulk of its information in the form of points and multiple choice questions relating to the content of each
an annotated figure, which is expanded in the accompanying text. chapter.
It is recommended that the figure is worked through with the text We hope that you find this new book a useful accompaniment
rather than just viewed in isolation. The condensed nature of each to your studies from undergraduate to post-graduate to clinical
chapter means that much of the information has to be given in a level.
didactic fashion. Although the text focuses on core material, some
additional important details are also included. Roger Barker
The book has been restructured beginning with the anatomical Cambridge
and functional organization of the nervous system (Chapters Francesca Cicchetti
1–11); the cells of the nervous system and how they work (Chap- Quebec
6 Introduction
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the students that we have taught over
the years who have helped us refine this book as well as the team
at Wiley-Blackwell for all their help and innovative ideas in this
new, more colourful edition of the book.
Acknowledgements 7
List of abbreviations
5-HIAA 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid EEG electroencephalography/electroencephalogram
5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) EMG electromyography/electromyogram
A1 primary auditory cortex enk enkephalin
ACA anterior cerebral artery ENS enteric nervous system
ACh acetylcholine EP evoked potential
AChE acetylcholinesterase epp end-plate potential
AChR acetylcholine receptor EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential
ACTH adenocorticotrophic hormone FEF frontal eye field(s)
ADH antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis FTD fronto-temporal dementia
AMPA-R α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic GABA γ-aminobutyric acid
acid glutamate receptor GABA-R γ-aminobutyric acid receptor
ANS autonomic nervous system GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase
APP amyloid precursor protein GDNF glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor
ATP adenosine triphosphate Glut-R glutamate receptor
AuD autosomal dominant GoC Golgi cell
AuR autosomal recessive Golf G-protein associated with olfactory receptors
BBB blood–brain barrier GPe globus pallidus external segment
BM basilar membrane GPi globus pallidus internal segment
BMP bone morphogenic protein G-protein guanosine triphosphate-binding protein
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate GrC granule cell
CBM cerebellum GTO Golgi tendon organ
CBP calcium-binding protein GTP guanosine triphosphate
CCK cholecystokinin HLA histocompatibility locus antigen
cf climbing fibre HMM heavy meromyosin
cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate HMSN hereditary motor sensory neuropathy
CMCT central motor conduction time HTM high-threshold mechanoreceptor
CMUA continuous motor unit activity Hz hertz
CNS central nervous system IC inferior colliculus
CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor ICA internal carotid artery
COMT catecholamine-O-methyltransferase IHC inner hair cell
CoST corticospinal tract ILN intralaminar nuclei (of the thalamus)
COX cyclo-oxygenase IN interneurone
CPG central pattern generator IP3 inositol triphosphate
CPK creatine phosphokinase IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic potential
CRH corticotrophin-releasing hormone JPS joint position sense
CRPS complex regional pain syndrome LEMS Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
CSF cerebrospinal fluid LGMD limb girdle muscular dystrophy
CT computed tomography LGN lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
CVA cerebrovascular accident LMM light meromyosin
DA dopamine LMN lower motor neurone
DAG diacylglycerol LTD long-term depression
DAT dementia of the Alzheimer type/dopamine LTP long-term potentiation
transporter (scan) MAO monoamine oxidase
dB decibel MAO monoamine oxidase type A
A
DC dorsal column MAO monoamine oxidase type B
B
DCN dorsal column nuclei MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitor
DCNN deep cerebellar nuclei neurone MCA middle cerebral artery
DMD Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy MCS minimally conscious state
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid MD mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
DRG dorsal root ganglion mepp miniature end-plate potential
DSCT dorsal spinocerebellar tract MGN medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
DSIP delta sleep-inducing peptide MHC major histocompatibility complex
ECG electrocardiography/electrocardiogram MLF medial longitudinal fasciculus
ECT electroconvulsive therapy MN motor neurone
8 List of abbreviations