Neural Metabolism In Vivo

1168 Pages·2012·16.56 MB·English

by  Allen W. Song Ph.D. (auth.), In-Young Choi, Rolf Gruetter (eds.)

A dvances in Neurobiology
Volume 4
Series Editor
Abel Lajtha
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8787
In-Young Choi ● Rolf Gruetter
Editors
Neural Metabolism In Vivo
Editors
In-Young Choi, Ph.D. Rolf Gruetter, Ph.D.
Department of Neurology Laboratory for functional
Department of Molecular and metabolic imaging
and Integrative Physiology Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Hoglund Brain Imaging Center Department of Radiology
University of Kansas Medical Center University of Lausanne
Kansas City, KS, USA and Geneva Station 6, CH-1015
P reface
A greater understanding of the living brain in action has become increasingly feasible
through the relentless efforts and devotion of neuroscientists and bioengineers in the
past three decades. The development of emerging neuroscience tools and neuroimag-
ing techniques provided us with a new opportunity to integrate real time information
regarding the structural organization, function and metabolism of the brain as a whole.
The development of this book was truly exciting for us in providing the introduction
to the state-of-the-art i n vivo tools in the neurobiology of the brain, the least under-
stood and most challenging organ. The key advances in neural metabolism in health
and disease are indebted to a variety of powerful techniques, namely nuclear magnetic
resonance, radiotracer imaging, optical imaging and micro-dialysis.
“ Neural Metabolism I n Vivo” aims to provide a comprehensive overview of neuro-
biology by presenting the basic principles of up-to-date and cutting-edge technology,
as well as their application in assessing the functional, morphological and metabolic
aspects of the brain. Investigation of neural activity of the living brain via neurovascu-
lar coupling using multimodal imaging techniques extended our understanding of fun-
damental neurophysiological mechanisms, regulation of cerebral blood fl ow in
connection to neural activity and the interplay between neurons, astrocytes and blood
vessels. Constant delivery of glucose and oxygen for energy metabolism is vital for
brain function, and the physiological basis of neural activity can be assessed through
measurements of cerebral blood fl ow and consumption of glucose and oxygen.
D ynamic changes in neural metabolism from the basal resting state to the active
state accompany the consumption of the major energy substrates of the brain, glucose,
and other alternatives. The complexity of the brain is not only refl ected in its use of
various energy sources as described under the “Cerebral energy metabolism and sub-
strates i n vivo” section, but also the underlying metabolic processes at the cellular and
inter-cellular levels. A close interaction between neuron and astrocytes with regard to
oxidative metabolism represents still emerging and controversial research areas since
the initial observation of glutamate compartmentation by Dr. Lajtha and others in
early 1950s. The working hypothesis of the glutamatergic activity coupled to anaero-
bic glycolysis is part of the primary neurobiological basis for neural metabolism as
v
vi Preface
presented under the “I n vivo assessment of metabolic compartmentation between
neurons and astrocytes” section, yet to be clearly demonstrated in the future.
T his book presents the complex physiological and neurochemical processes of
neural metabolism and function in response to various physiological conditions and
pharmacological stimulations. Neurochemical detection technologies and quantita-
tive aspects of monitoring cerebral energy substrates and other metabolites in the
living brain are described under the “Cerebral metabolism of antioxidants, osmo-
lytes and others in vivo” section. Altogether, the advent of new i n vivo tools has
transformed neuroscience and neurobiology research, and demands interdisciplinary
approaches as each technology could only approximate a very small fraction of the
true complexity of the underlying biological processes. However, translational values
of the emerging i n vivo methods to the application of preclinical to clinical studies
cannot be emphasized enough. Thus, it is our hope that advances in our understanding
of biochemical, molecular, functional and physiological processes of the brain could
eventually help people with neurological problems, which are still dominated by the
unknowns.
Kansas City, KS, USA In-Young Choi, Ph.D.
Lausanne, Switzerland Rolf Gruetter, Ph.D.
A cknowledgements
F irst and foremost, our sincere thanks and appreciation go to all of the authors who
put their considerable ruminations and efforts as well as their talents, time and
energy to make this work possible. Under one coherent theme of the neural metabo-
lism i n vivo, 99 contributors provided outstanding overviews of this vast and chal-
lenging area, and bore with us with great patience for the past 4 years during the
long editing process of this book. We offer our sincere thanks to over 150 reviewers
who devoted their time in providing valuable suggestions and constructive com-
ments. Our interaction with prominent scientists from all related disciplines has
been a great privilege and an invaluable experience during this endeavor.
W e are also eternally thankful to Dr. Abel Lajtha who has been our champion by
supporting, encouraging and inspiring us from the start of this project. We express our
deep respect to his extraordinary insights, knowledge and contribution to the fi eld of
neurochemistry. Our pronounced gratitude goes to Joel Tanzi who helped us through
his talent with the editing process. Our gratitude is owed to Drs. Sebastián Cerdán and
Phil Lee for their patient and thorough review of many pages of this book. Last but not
least, we thank Springer Science for providing us with this unique opportunity and the
Springer editors who have worked with us throughout the editing process.
K ansas City, KS, USA In-Young Choi, Ph.D.
Lausanne, Switzerland Rolf Gruetter, Ph.D.
vii
C ontents
Part I Non-invasive Methods for Neural Metabolism
1 Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Methods ......... 3
Allen W. Song
2 Hardware Requirements for In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Studies of Neural Metabolism ............................................ 33
Hellmut Merkle, Phil Lee, and In-Young Choi
3 Diffusion Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging
of the Central Nervous System ............................................................. 65
Jeffrey J. Neil and Joseph J.H. Ackerman
4 Tools to Enhance the Contrast in MR Images:
From Lanthanide Complexes and Iron Oxide
Particles to MEMRI ............................................................................... 79
Annemie Van der Linden, Vincent Van Meir, Dario Longo,
and Silvio Aime
1
5 Principles of H NMR Spectroscopy In Vivo ........................................ 133
Robin A. de Graaf
31
6 In Vivo Cerebral P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy .................... 149
Ernest B. Cady
13
7 In Vivo C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
and Metabolic Modeling: Methodology ............................................... 181
Pierre-Gilles Henry, Dinesh K. Deelchand, Isabelle Iltis,
Malgorzata Marjanska, Gülin Öz, Alexander A. Shestov,
and Julien Valette
13
8 C NMR Spectroscopy as a Tool in Neurobiology .............................. 221
Asta Haberg, Ursula Sonnewald, Janniche Hammer,
Torun Melø, and Haytham Eloqayli
ix