Neural Development and Stem Cells

370 Pages·2012·5.578 MB·English

by  Sally Temple (auth.), Mahendra S. Rao, Melissa Carpenter, Mohan C. Vemuri (eds.)

Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
Series Editor
Kursad Turksen
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7896
Mahendra S. Rao Melissa Carpenter
•
Mohan C. Vemuri
Editors
Neural Development
and Stem Cells
Third Edition
Editors
Mahendra S. Rao Mohan C.Vemuri
NIH CRM Life Technologies
Bethesda, MD Frederick, MD
USA USA
Melissa Carpenter
Carpenter GroupConsulting,Inc.
BlackDiamond, WA
USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-3800-7 ISBN 978-1-4614-3801-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3801-4
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012939198
(cid:2)SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2001,2006,2012
WiththeexceptionofChapter1,(cid:2)SallyTemple2012
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Preface
Neural differentiation is an early embryonic event that occurs soon after germ
layerspecification.Invertebrates,theearlyectodermundergoesfurtherpatterning
toseparateintotwoidentifiablecomponents:thepresumptiveneuralectodermand
the presumptive epidermis. Neural ectoderm tissue segregates as a clearly
demarcated epithelium termed the neuropeithelium (or neuroectoderm). This
neuroepithelium generates all of the major components of the central nervous
system(CNS)andtheperipheralnervoussystem(PNS),includingtheneuralcrest.
As development progresses the neuroepithelium forms the neural tube which
ultimately forms the CNS. Two transient cell populations contribute to the PNS:
the neural crest that differentiates at the neuroectodermal/epithelial junction and
placodal precursors that differentiate from cranial ectoderm. The neural crest
contributes to both neural and non-neural structures therefore, precursors that
generate the PNS also contribute to non-neural structures that include pigment
cells of the skin as well as craniofacial mesenchyme.
As the CNS develops, neural stem cells (NSCs) generated from neuroepithe-
lium produce more specified neural restricted precursors cells and glial restricted
prcursor cells as shown in Fig. 1.
Undifferentiatedneuralprecursorcells,whetherintheCNS,neuralcrestorthe
placodes, proliferate, differentiate and migrate to appropriate locations. Cells
undergo further maturation, neuro-glial cells become postmitotic, and neuronal
cellssendprojectionstoappropriatetargetsandmakesynapseswhileacquiringthe
correct rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral identity. An accumulating body of evi-
dence suggests that neurogenesis follows a pattern of development that is similar
to developmental patterns described in other systems such as the liver, skin and
hematopoietic system. In each of these systems, tissue specific stem cells are
generated and these cells undergo a series of developmental restrictions to gen-
erateproliferativeprogenythataremorerestrictedintheirdevelopmentalpotential
to ultimately give rise to fully differentiated cells.
AsdevelopmentproceedsthenumberofNSCsismuchdiminishedandbybirth
these cellsrepresentasmallfractionofdividingcellspresentinrestrictedregions
of the brain. Coincident with this decrease, the number of progenitor cells
v
vi Preface
iPSC ESC
Somatic cell NCSC
EB
Craniofacilal MSC
NSC/NEP
Other PNS cells
Fetal
Schwann
Regionalization
NRP GRP
OPC
APC
Neurons Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte
Fig.1 LineagerestrictedneuralprogenitorsfromPluripotentandSomaticcells(iPSC=induced
pluripotent stem cells; ESC = embryonic stem cells; NCSC = neural crest stem cells; EB =
embryoidbody;NSC=neuralstemcells;NEP=neuralepithelialprecursors;MSC=mesenchymal
stem cells; PNS = peripheral nervous system; NRP = neural restricted precursors; GRP = glial
restrictedprecursors;APC=astrocyteprecursorcells;OPC=oligodendrocyteprecursorcells)
increases dramatically and mature differentiated cells can be identified as they
migrate from the proliferating zones to their terminal locations. Throughout the
CNS, neurogenesis is followed by gliogenesis which is followed by the devel-
opment of neuronal connections and subsequent myelination of axons. The total
cell number in the CNS is regulated at different stages of development as is the
density and spread of interneuronal connections.
These complex changes ultimately result in the formation of the adult brain
whichundergoeslittlenewneuronalaugmentation,exceptinthehippocampusand
olfactoryregions.Incontrast,glialcellscontinuetobereplacedthroughoutlifeat
a low but measurable rate. In the adult brain neither acute neural damage nor
chronic neurodegenerative disorders are repaired by regeneration or activation of
endogenous stem cell populations. Rather, restitution of function is generally
engendered by reorganization of connections or repurposing of brain regions to a
new function or to glial proliferation. Although endogenous stem cells and pre-
cursororprogenitorcellsexistintheadultitappearsthattheendogenouscellular
response is inadequate in promoting functional regeneration and repair of the
damaged central nervous system (CNS).
Preface vii
Research in the stem cell field has therefore focused on mobilizing existing
endogenousstemcellorprogenitorcellpopulationsorreplacingdamagedordead
cells using stem cells propagated in culture as a potential cell source. Stem cells
havebeenisolatedfromavarietyofsources,expandedincultureanddifferentiated
intoappropriatecellstypes.Thesecellscanbeusedtoreplacethemissingneurons
and glia and the factors that they release or to deliver factors to the damaged
tissues to augment the endogenous repair process.
In this third edition of Neural Development and Stem Cells we have asked
leaders in the field to describe neural stem and progenitor cell behavior in
developmentandindisease.Wehopethatreaderswillseehowbasicbiologyand
itsunderstandinghasguidedtherapeuticinterventionanddictatedwhichcelltypes
are best suited for therapy. We encourage the reader to explore these issues in
greater detail by reading the references listed within each chapter. We welcome
commentsandrecommendationsforadditionsanddeletionsandhopeyouwillfind
this book useful.
Mahendra S. Rao
Melissa Carpenter
Mohan C. Vemuri
Contents
1 Defining Neural Stem Cells and their Role in Normal Development
of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Sally Temple
2 Embryonic Stem Cells and Neurogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Robin L. Wesselschmidt
3 The Cellular and Molecular Properties of Multipotent Neural
Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Scott R. Hutton and Larysa H. Pevny
4 Multipotent Stem Cells in the Embryonic Nervous System. . . . . . 81
Chian-Yu Peng, Ali Jalali, Michael Bonaguidi, Caitilin Hamill
and John A. Kessler
5 Neural Crest Formation and Diversification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Marcos S. Simões-Costa, Houman D. Hemmati, Tanya A. Moreno
and Marianne Bronner-Fraser
6 Glial Nature of Adult Neural Stem Cells: Neurogenic
Competence in Adult Astrocytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
William W. Hwang, Arturo Alvarez-Buylla and Daniel A. Lim
7 Neural Stem Cell Death Regulation in Nervous System
Development and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
K. C. Walls and Kevin A. Roth
8 Stem Cells of the Adult Olfactory Epithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
James E. Schwob, Woochan Jang and Eric H. Holbrook
ix
x Contents
9 Retinal Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Carolina B. Del Debbio, Sowmya Parameswaran, Ani V. Das
and Iqbal Ahmad
10 Transdifferentiation in the Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Ying Liu and Mahendra S. Rao
11 Neural and Dopaminergic Differentiation of Human
Pluripotent Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Olga Momcilovic and Xianmin Zeng
12 Mobilization of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Central
Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Harish Babu, Theo D. Palmer and Fred H. Gage
13 Stem Cell Pathways in Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Justin D. Lathia, Meizhang Li, Virginie Bonnamain
and Jeremy N. Rich
Appendix A: Neural Stem Cell Companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Appendix B: Stem Cells and Transplants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Appendix C: Patents and Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Editors’ Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Contributors
Iqbal Ahmad Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of
Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Arturo Alvarez-Buylla Department of Neurological Surgery, Eli and Edythe
Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCSF,
VeteransAffairsMedicalCenter,UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
HarishBabuInstituteforStemCellBiologyandRegenerativeMedicine,Stanford
University, Stanford, CA, USA
Michael Bonaguidi Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Virginie Bonnamain Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Marianne Bronner-Fraser Division of Biology, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Ani V. Das Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of
Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Carolina B. Del Debbio Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Fred H. Gage Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Caitrilin Hamill Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug
Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
Houman D. Hemmati Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA, USA
xi