Networking Infrastructure for Pervasive Computing: Enabling Technologies and Systems

300 Pages·2002·10.76 MB·English

by  Debashis Saha, Amitava Mukherjee, Somprakash Bandyopadhyay (auth.)

NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE
FOR PERVASIVE COMPUTING
Enabling Technologies & Systems
NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE
FOR PERVASIVE COMPUTING
Enabling Technologies & Systems
by
Debashis Saha
Indian Institute ofM anagement Calcutta (IIM-C), India
Amitava Mukherjee
PwC Consulting
Calcutta, India
Somprakash Bandyopadhyay
Indian Institute ofM anagement Calcutta (IIM-C), India
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 1-4020-7249-X
Networking Infrastructure for Pervasive Computing:
Enabling Technologies & Systems
Debashis Saha, Amitava Mukherjee, Somprakash Bandyopadhyay
Copyright © 2003 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
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Printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
Acknowledgements xv
Preface xvii
PART I: PERVASIVE COMPUTING
Chapter 1 Pervasive Compnting 1
1.1. Evolution 2
1.1.1 PERSONAL COMPUTING 2
1.1.2 DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING 3
1.1.3 WEB COMPUTING 4
1.1.4 MOBILE COMPUTING 4
1.1.5 PERVASIVE COMPUTING 7
1.2. PervComp 7
1.2.1 INTRODUCTION 8
1.2.2 PARADIGM SHIFT 8
1.3. PervComp Model 11
1.3.1 PERVASIVE DEVICES 11
1.3.1.1 Smart Devices 11
1.3.1.2 Sensors 12
1.3.1.3 Handhelds 12
1.3.2 PERVASIVE NETWORK (PERVNET) 13
1.3.3 PERVASIVE MIDDLEWARE (PERVWARE) 14
vi Networking Infrastructure for Pervasive Computing
1.3.4 PERVASIVE ApPLICATIONS 15
1.4. Issues 16
1.4.1 PERCEPTION (CONTEXT AWARENESS) 16
1.4.1.1 Location Informing 16
1.4.1.2 People/Device Tracking 17
1.4.1.3 Geometric Modeling 18
1.4.2 SMARTNESS (CONTEXT MANAGEMENT) 18
1.4.3 HETEROGENEITY 19
1.4.4 SCALABILITY 19
1.4.5 INVISIBILITY 20
1.4.5.1 Self-tuning (Autoconfiguration) 21
1.4.5.2 Anticipation (Proactivity) 21
1.4.6 INTEGRATION 22
1.4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCERNS 23
1.5. Application Potential 24
1.6. Pervasive Initiatives 26
1.6.1 PARCTAB 26
1.6.2 AURA 26
1.6.3 ENDEAVOUR 27
1.6.4 OXYGEN 28
1.6.5 PORTOLANO 29
1.6.6 SENTIENT COMPUTING 30
1.6.7 COOLTOWN 32
1.6.8 EBIQUITY 33
1.6.9 ONE. WORLD 33
1.6.10 EASYLIVING 34
1.6.11 pvc@IBM 35
1. 7. Summary 35
References 36
Chapter 2 Pervasive Networking 39
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Networking infrastructure 41
2.2.1 STRUCTURE OF PERVNET 41
Saha, Mukherjee and Bandyopadhyay vii
2.2.2 ATTRIBUTES 42
2.3 PervNet Architecture 45
2.4 Managing Pervasiveness 46
2.4.1 AUTOCONFIGURA TION 46
2.4.2 REGISTRATION 48
2.4.3 ROUTING 48
2.5 Mobility Management 49
2.6 Service Discovery 51
2.7 Disconnected Operation 52
2.8 Proposed Solutions 53
2.8.1 IT'S TIME TO PIP 53
2.8.2 DYNAMIC CONFIGURATION 53
2.8.3 AUTO-REGISTRATION 54
2.8.4 DYNAMIC MOBILITY MANAGEMENT 55
2.8.5 CONTENT BASED ROUTING 55
2.9 Summary 56
References 57
PART II: ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter 3 Backbone Technology 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Electrical Backbone Networks 61
3.2.1 FAST ETHERNET 61
3.2.2 GIGABIT ETHERNET 62
3.3 Optical Backbone Networks 64
3.3.1 FDDI 65
3.3.2 ATM 66
3.3.3 GIGABIT ETHERNET 66
3.3.4 SONET/SDH 67
3.3.5 WDM 69
Vl\l Networking Infrastructurefor Pervasive Computing
3.3.5.1 Introduction 69
3.3.5.2 Network Architecture 71
3.3.5.3 Advantages of Mesh Networks 72
3.3.5.4 Lightpath Establishment 73
3.3.5.5 Virtual Topology Design 75
3.3.5.5.1 Generation of Arbitrary Virtual Topology 77
3.3.5.5.2 Embedding of Virtual Topology 79
3.3.5.5.3 Wavelength Assignment 80
3.3.5.5.4 Traffic Assignment 82
3.3.5.6 Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) 82
3.3.5.7 Wavelength Reservation 83
3.3.5.7.1 Forward Reservation Protocols (FRPs) 84
3.3.5.7.2 Backward Reservation Protocols 86
3.3.5.8 Intelligent Optical Switching 87
3.3.5.9 All Optical Networks (AONs) 87
3.3.5.9.1 Architecture 88
3.3.5.9.2 Optical Layer Functions 89
3.3.5.9.3 Control Protocol 90
3.4 Wireless Backbone Networks 92
3.4.1 TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE NETWORKS 92
3.4.2 SATELLITE NETWORKS 93
3.4.3 WIRELESS (FIBRELESS) OPTICAL NETWORKS 96
3.5 The Internet 98
3.6 Summary 101
References 102
Chapter 4 Wireless Access Technology 105
4.1 Introduction 105
4.1.1 FIXED WIRELESS ACCESS 105
4.1.2 MOBILE WIRELESS ACCESS 106
4.2 Short-Range Wireless Networks (Personal Area Networks) 108
4.2.1 BASICS OF INFRARED (IR) ACCESS 108
4.2.2 INFRARED COMMUNICATION CONFIGURATIONS 109
4.2.3 SHORT-RANGE RADIO COMMUNICATION 110
4.3 Wireless LANs 112
4.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS 113
Saha, Mukherjee and Bandyopadhyay ix
4.3.2 THREE FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN CHOICES 114
4.3.2.1 Flat vs. Hierarchical Architecture 114
4.3.2.2 Proactive vs. Reactive Routing 115
4.3.3.3 Medium Access Protocol 116
4.4 Fixed-Access Wireless Systems in Metropolitan Area (WMAN) 119
4.5 Wireless WAN 120
4.5.1 BASIC CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE 122
4.5.2 LOCATION MANAGEMENT 123
4.5.3 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 124
4.6 Discussion 125
References 125
Chapter 5 Interface Technology 127
5 .1 User Interface 127
5.2 Middlewares 128
5.2.1 MODELS 129
5.2.2 SEMANTICS 130
5.2.3 DATA AND FUNCTIONALITY 130
5.2.4 ApPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE (API) 131
5.3 Intelligent Environment 132
5.4 Smart Adapters 133
5.5 Related Projects 134
5.5.1 DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEMS 134
5.5.1.1 AFS 134
5.5.1.2 Coda 135
5.5.2 DISTRIBUTED COMPONENTS 135
5.5.2.1 Infospheres 135
5.5.3 GLOBAL COMPUTING 136
5.5.3.1 Legion 136
5.5.3.2 Punch 136
5.5.3.3 RaDaR 137
5.5.3.4 WebOS 137
5.5.3.5 Globus 138
5.5.3.6 Cosm 139
x Networking Infrastructure for Pervasive Computing
5.5.3.7 XtremWeb 140
5.5.4 PERVASIVE COMPUTING 141
5.5.4.1 InConcert 141
5.5.4.2 omniORB 142
5.6 Summary 142
References 143
PART III: STANDARDS
Chapter 6 Internet 145
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 IPV6 147
6.2.1 BASIC STRUCTURE 147
6.2.2 MOBILITY IN IPv6 150
6.3 Mobile IP 151
6.3.1 BASICS OF MOBILE IP 151
6.3.2 MOBILE IP WITH AAA 154
6.3.3 MACRO MOBILITY IN MOBILE IP 155
6.3.4 HAWAII 158
6.3.5 WIRELESS IP 158
6.4 Cellular IP 159
6.5 Core IP Networks 161
6.5.1 INTERNET SERVICE ARCHITECTURE 161
6.5.2 INTEGRATED SERVICES (lNTSERV) 164
6.5.3 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES (DIFFSERV) 165
6.5.4 RESOURCE RESERVATION PROTOCOL (RSVP) 169
6.5.5 RSVP EXTENSIONS 171
6.5.5.1 RSVP Tunnel with Mobile IPv4 172
6.5.5.2 Mobile IPv6 and RSVP Integration Model 173
6.5.5.3 Mobile IP with Location Registers 175
6.5.5.4 Mobility Support based on Flow Transparency 176
6.6 Multiprotocollabel switching (MPLS) 176
6.6.1 BACKGROUND AND STRUCTURE 176
Saha, Mukherjee and Bandyopadhyay Xl
6.6.2 TRAFFIC AND QoS PROPERTIES 180
6.7 IP over WDM 182
6.7.1 IP AND WDM INTEGRATION 182
6.7.2 IP OVER OPTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 184
6.7.3 IP-CENTRIC CONTROL: PROVISIONING AND RESTORATION 186
6.7.4 OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING 188
6.7.5 MPLS BASED IP AND WDM 189
6.8 Internet Telephony 194
6.8.1 VoIP MOBILITY IN WIRELESS NETWORKS 194
6.8.2 H.323: AN OVERVIEW 195
6.8.3 EXAMPLE INTEGRATION SCENARIO 196
6.9 All IP-based Networks 199
6.9.1 TELEMIP 200
6.9.2 ENHANCEMENT IN IP 201
6.9.3 ALL IP-BASED WIRELESS NETWORKS 202
6.9.4 IP-BASED IMT NETWORK 203
6.9.5 ALL-IP-BASED UMTS ARCHITECTURE 205
6.10 Summary 209
References 210
Chapter 7 Wireless Standards 213
7.1 Introduction 213
7.1.1 WIRELESS GENERATIONS 215
7.1.2 MOBILE COMMUNICATION TRAFFIC 218
7.1.3 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS 219
7.2 CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM 220
7.2.1 FIRST-GENERATION MOBILE SYSTEMS 221
7.2.2 SECOND-GENERATION MOBILE SYSTEMS 221
7.2.2.1 GSM 221
7.2.2.2 GPRS 222
7.2.2.3 cdmaOne 223
7.2.2.4 GPRS vs. cdmaOne Packet Data 224
7.2.2.5 TDMA 226
7.2.2.6 PDC 227