Networked For my dad Networked A Contemporary History of News in Transition Adrienne Russell polity Copyright © Adrienne Russell 2011 The right of Adrienne Russell to be identifi ed as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2011 by Polity Press Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02148, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-4951-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-4952-8(pb) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 11 on 13 pt Adobe Sabon by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. For further information on Polity, visit our website: www.politybooks.com Contents Acknowledgements vi 1 Introduction: The Rise of Networked Journalism 1 2 Participatory Journalism: The Wealth of Networks 33 3 From Personalization to Socialization 71 4 News Parody, Satire, Remix: When There’s Nothing to Do But Laugh 101 5 Public Life and the Future of News 131 Index 159 v Acknowledgements Thanks to the Annenberg Center for Communication at the University of Southern California for time and funds and for the inspiration I drew from my colleagues there as the ideas of this book were coming together. Thanks to the American University of Paris and to the University of Denver for providing the rich personal and academic environments in which I undertook this project and for the time and money that were essential for me to get things done. And thanks to my colleagues at the University of Denver’s Digital Media Studies Program who have deepened my understanding of technology and culture in ways that have greatly infl uenced this book. Thanks also to my editors at Polity, Andrea Drugan and Lauren Mulholland, who are great at what they do, and to the anonymous reviewers of the fi rst, very rough draft of the book. I am grateful to the many journalists who shared their time and expertise; in particular I want to thank Kevin Anderson, Nick Bilton, Denis Burgierman, Gabor Vajda, and Derek Willis. Special thanks to my great friend Kerry Lauerman, who sat for many interviews with me over the years and whose smart and candid stories of his work as an editor have helped shape this book. I would also like to thank the many friends and colleagues who offered advice, encouragement, and criticism over the years: Chris Anderson (the one at Indiana University not at Wired), Michela Ardizzoni, Rod Benson, Lynn Schofi eld Clark, Waddick Doyle, Nabil Echchaibi, Corinna di Gennaro, Ted Glasser, Jayson vi Acknowledgements Harsin, Alfred Hermida, Mimi Ito, Risto Kunelius, Merlyna Lim, Howard Rheingold, Tony Shawcross, Matt Tegelberg, and Barbie Zelizer. Many thanks to Liz Fakazis, a great and careful reader, for passing her eyes over every word and sending vital late-stage feedback. Thanks to my mom, Jay Duchene, for her encouragement and for taking care of the kids while I traveled and for inviting me repeatedly and always with a smile to hole up in San Francisco to write. Thanks to Sammy and Sofi a: World Champion Distractors. Most of all, thanks to John Tomasic. His insight into his own work as a journalist greatly infl uenced my own understanding of where the fi eld is and where it is going. More than that, his patient encouragement and practical help – talking through ideas and editing and reediting drafts of the book literally over the course of years – went far beyond the call of duty. It’s not really possible to thank him enough. vii