Network Science: Complexity in Nature and Technology PDF
Preview Network Science: Complexity in Nature and Technology
Ernesto Estrada (cid:2) Maria Fox (cid:2) Desmond J. Higham (cid:2) Gian-Luca Oppo Editors Network Science Complexity in Nature and Technology Editors Prof.ErnestoEstrada Prof.DesmondJ.Higham UniversityofStrathclyde UniversityofStrathclyde DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics andDepartmentofPhysics G11XHGlasgow G11XHGlasgow UK UK [email protected] [email protected] Prof.Gian-LucaOppo Prof.MariaFox UniversityofStrathclyde UniversityofStrathclyde DepartmentofPhysics DepartmentofComputerand G40NGGlasgow InformationSciences UK G11XHGlasgow [email protected] UK [email protected] ISBN978-1-84996-395-4 e-ISBN978-1-84996-396-1 DOI10.1007/978-1-84996-396-1 SpringerLondonDordrechtHeidelbergNewYork BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010934727 ©Springer-VerlagLondonLimited2010 Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,asper- mittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thispublicationmayonlybereproduced, storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublish- ers,orinthecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicensesissuedbythe CopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethosetermsshouldbesentto thepublishers. Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.,inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofa specificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantlawsandregulationsandthereforefree forgeneraluse. Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyoftheinformation containedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissions thatmaybemade. Coverdesign:deblik Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thisbookofinvited,editedchaptersarosefromthesixmonthprogrammeComplex Networks across the Natural and Technological Sciences, held in 2009 at the InstituteforAdvancedStudies,Glasgow. The motivation for the program was the emergence of a new interdisciplinary activity,sometimescalledNetworkScience,thatfocusesonthepatternsofinterac- tionsthatarisebetweenindividualcomponentsofnaturalandengineeredsystems. Theprogrammehadseveralkeyobjectives: • Toidentifycommonalityacrossverydifferentareasofapplication; • Toadvanceoneareabyinjectingideasandtechniquesfromanother; • Toallowpractitioners(thosewhocollectandusedata)toposechallengestothe- oreticians(thosewhodevelopconceptsandderiveanalyticalandcomputational tools); • Toallowtheoreticianstobringpractitionersuptospeedonthestateoftheart. Theprogrammeincludedthreeone-weekworkshops,featuringinvitedpresenta- tionsbyinternationally-renownedresearchers. Workshop1: Static Networks, organised by Ernesto Estrada and Des Higham, fo- cused on the classic network science of fixed connectivity structures: empirical studies,mathematicalmodelsandcomputationalalgorithms. Workshop2: Dynamic Properties of Complex Networks, organised by Maria Fox, lookedat(a)thestudyoftime-dependentprocessesthattakeplaceovernetworks andmoderntopicssuchassynchronisation,andmessagepassingalgorithms,and (b)thestudyoftime-evolvingnetworkssuchastheWorldWideWebandshiftsin topologicalproperties(connectivity,spectrum,percolation). Workshop3: Applications of Complex Networks, organised by Gian-Luca Oppo, emphasisedthephysicalandengineeringsciences,andlookedaheadtonewdevel- opmentsinthefield. In addition to these three international workshops, the six month programme featuredtutorials,publiclecturesandanoutreacheventforchildrenattheGlasgow ScienceCentre. v vi Preface Having organised the programme and witnessed the remarkably wide applica- bility of the research themes, we feel that the time is ripe for an interdisciplinary, cross-cutting view of the state-of-the-art in network science. We therefore invited a cross-section of the participants to contribute to this book, encouraging them to reviewrecentdevelopmentsinaspecificareaofrelevancetocomplexnetworks,dis- cusschallengingopenproblemsand,wherepossible,indicatehowthefieldislikely todevelopoverthenextfewyears.Weweredelightedwiththeuniformlyenthusi- astic response from these authors, and we were equally pleased that the publisher Springersharedourvision.Thesechapters,whichhavebeenbroughttogetherwith aunifiedindex,appearinanorderthatreflectsthesequenceoftopicsconsideredin thethreeworkshops. Itisourhopethatthisresultingbookwillappealtoawiderangeofscientistsand stimulatenewlinesofresearch. Acknowledgements Thisbookwouldneverhaveappearedwithoutthefundingandadministra- tivesupportoftheInstituteforAdvancedStudies,fortheprogrammeComplexNetworksacross theNaturalandTechnologicalSciences.WethanktheInstitute’sofficersatthattime,NigelMot- tram,JaneMorganandJasonReeseforstrategicadviceandmoralsupport,andalsotheInstitute’s manager,PatriciaKrus,forherexpertassistance. FurtherfinancialsupportwasprovidedbytheInstituteofComplexSystemsatStrathclyde. WeareextremelygratefultoMaryMcAuleyintheDepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics at the University of Strathclyde for efficiently converting three of the submitted chapters from MicrosoftWordformatintoSpringer-styleLATEX. Finally,weare,ofcourse,hugelyindebtedtotheauthorsofthesechaptersforsharingtheir expertiseandinsights. Strathclyde,Glasgow ErnestoEstrada MariaFox DesmondJ.Higham Gian-LucaOppo Contents 1 ComplexNetworks:AnInvitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ErnestoEstrada,MariaFox,DesmondJ.Higham,andGian-LucaOppo 2 ResistanceDistance,InformationCentrality,NodeVulnerability andVibrationsinComplexNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ErnestoEstradaandNaomichiHatano 3 FromTopologytoPhenotypeinProtein–ProteinInteractionNetworks 31 NatašaPržulj 4 NetworksandModelswithHeterogeneousPopulationStructure inEpidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 R.R.Kao 5 NESSIE: Network Example Source Supporting Innovative Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 AlanTaylorandDesmondJ.Higham 6 Networks in Urban Design. Six Years of Research in Multiple CentralityAssessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 SergioPorta,VitoLatora,andEmanueleStrano 7 TheStructureofFinancialNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 StefanoBattiston,JamesB.Glattfelder,DiegoGarlaschelli,Fabrizio Lillo,andGuidoCaldarelli 8 AHierarchyofNetworksSpanningfromIndividualOrganisms toEcologicalLandscapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 FerencJordán,GabriellaBaranyi,andFedericaCiocchetta vii viii Contents 9 RevealingStructureofComplexBiologicalSystemsUsingBayesian Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 V.AnneSmith 10 DynamicsandStatisticsofExtremeEvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 HolgerKantz 11 DynamicsofNetworksofLeaky-Integrate-and-FireNeurons . . . . 217 AntonioPolitiandStefanoLuccioli Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Contributors GabriellaBaranyi InstituteofEnvironmentalStudies,EötvösUniversity, Budapest,Hungary. GabriellaBaranyiisanenvironmentalscientistwithresearchinterestsin conservationbiologyandhabitatplanning,aidedbyhabitatnetworkanalysis. StefanoBattiston Systemgestaltung,ETH-Zentrum,Zurich,Switzerland, [email protected]. StefanoBattistonhasabackgroundinphysicsandneuroscienceandhasresearch interestsinthemodellingandempiricalstudyofeconomicandsocialnetworks. GuidoCaldarelli CentreSMC,andISCCNR,Dip.Fisica,University“Sapienza”, PiazzaleAldoMoro5,Rome,Italy,[email protected]. GuidoCaldarellihasinterestsinfractalgrowth,self-organisedcriticalityandthe analysisofscale-freenetworks. FedericaCiocchetta CentreforComputationalandSystemsBiology,The MicrosoftResearch–UniversityofTrento,Povo-Trento,Italy,[email protected]. FedericaCiocchettahasabackgroundinbiomathematicsand information/communicationtechnology,andhasresearchinterestsinmodelling andanalysisofbiologicalsystems,processcalculiandstate-spacereduction techniques. ErnestoEstrada DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics,Universityof Strathclyde,Glasgow,UK;DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofStrathclyde, Glasgow,UK,[email protected]. ErnestoEstradahasresearchinterestsinspectralgraphtheory,complexnetworks andtheirapplicationsinchemistry,biologyandmanyotherareasinthephysical, socialandtechnologicalsciences. MariaFox DepartmentofComputerandInformationSciences,Universityof Strathclyde,Glasgow,UK,[email protected]. MariaFoxhasresearchinterestsinautomatedplanning,schedulingandconstraint satisfactionandtheirapplicationinsolvingcombinatorialsearchandoptimisation problems. ix x Contributors DiegoGarlaschelli SaidBusinessSchool,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK. DiegoGarlaschellihasresearchinterestsincomplexnetworksandstatistical mechanics,withapplicationstobiologicalandsocio-economicsystems. JamesB.Glattfelder Systemgestaltung,ETH-Zentrum,Zurich,Switzerland, [email protected]. JamesGlattfelderdevelopsideasfromcomplexityscienceandagent-based modellingtostudylargedatabasesofinternationalcompaniesandownership networks. NaomichiHatano InstituteofIndustrialScience,UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo 153-8505,Japan,[email protected]. NaomichiHatanodevelopsandanalysesmodelsfromtheperspectiveofstatistical andmathematicalphysics,tocapturetheessenceofcomplicatedphysical phenomena. DesmondJ.Higham DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics,Universityof Strathclyde,Glasgow,UK,[email protected]. DesHighamisanapplied/computationalmathematicianwithinterestsinmatrix computations,stochasticmodellingandsimulation,andapplicationsinbiologyand neuroscience. FerencJordán CentreforComputationalandSystemsBiology,TheMicrosoft Research-UniversityofTrento,Povo-Trento,Italy,[email protected]. FerencJordánisaresearcheratCoSBiwithMScinbiologyandPhDingenetics whohasresearchintereststhatspanacrossallorganisationallevelsofbiological networks,rangingfrommoleculartolandscapegraphs. HolgerKantz MaxPlanckInstituteforthePhysicsofComplexSystems, Dresden,Germany,[email protected]. HolgerKantzhasresearchintereststhatarecentredaroundunderstanding, modelling,andpredictingthecomplextemporalevolutionofrealworldsystems. RowlandR.Kao FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine,UniversityofGlasgow, Glasgow,UK,[email protected]. RowlandKaohasresearchintereststhatincludemodellingandparameter estimationforthetransmissionoflivestockdiseasesusingnetworkanalysis, differentialequations,statisticsandcomputersimulations,principallyfunded throughaWellcomeTrustSeniorResearchFellowship. VitoLatora DipartimentodiFisicaedAstronomia,UniversitádiCataniaand INFNSezionediCatania,Catania,Italy,[email protected]. VitoLatorauseshisbackgroundintheoreticalphysicsandnonlineardynamicsto lookintobiologicalproblems,tomodelsocialsystems,andtofindnewsolutions forthedesignoftechnologicalnetworks. FabrizioLillo DipartimentodiFisicaeTecnologieRelative,Universitàdi Palermo,Palermo,Italy,[email protected];SantaFeInstitute,SantaFe,USA. FabrizioLillohasresearchintereststhatfocusontheapplicationofmethodsand toolsofstatisticalphysicstoeconomic,financial,andbiologicalsystems. Contributors xi StefanoLuccioli ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche,IstitutodeiSistemi Complessi,50019SestoFiorentino,Italy;CentroStudiDinamicheComplesse, SestoFiorentino,Italy. StefanoLucciolihasabackgroundinnonlineardynamicsandstatisticalmechanics withinterestsinmodellingandsimulatingbiologicalsystems(proteinsandneural networks). Gian-LucaOppo DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow, UK,[email protected]. Gian-LucaOppo,whoisdirectoroftheInstituteofComplexSystemsat Strathclyde,hasresearchintereststhatincludecomplexityandspatialstructuresin nonlinearoptics,andnonlineardynamicsoflaserdevices AntonioPoliti ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche,IstitutodeiSistemi Complessi,50019SestoFiorentino,Italy;CentroStudiDinamicheComplesse, SestoFiorentino,Italy,[email protected]. AntonioPolitiisaphysicistwhoworksonthedynamicsofneuralnetworks,heat conductivityinlow-dimensionalsystemsandchaoticbehaviourinsystemswith manydegreesoffreedom. SergioPorta UrbanDesignStudiesUnit,DepartmentofArchitecture,University ofStrathclyde,Glasgow,UK,[email protected]. SergioPortahasresearchintereststhatspanfromurbanmorphology,adaptive spaceandspatialanalysistopublicspacedesign,urbandesignandtraffic management. NatašaPržulj DepartmentofComputing,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UK, [email protected]. NatašaPržuljisacomputerscientistwithresearchinterestsinapplicationsof graphtheory,mathematicalmodelling,andcomputationaltechniquestosolving large-scaleproblemsincomputationalandsystemsbiology,especiallyplanarcell polarity,proteomics,cancerinformatics,andchemo-informatics. V.AnneSmith SchoolofBiology,UniversityofStAndrews,StAndrews,Fife KY169TH,UK,[email protected]. V.AnneSmithusescomputationalmethodstoanalysecomplexbiological networks,andevaluatesthecomputationalmethodswithbothcomputersimulation andbiologicalintervention. EmanueleStrano UrbanDesignStudiesUnit,DepartmentofArchitecture, UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow,UK,[email protected]. EmanueleStranohasresearchintereststhatincludeurbanstudies,informal settlements,landtitling,urbanmorphology,complexsystemtheoryappliedto urbanstudies,urbansociology. AlanTaylor DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics,UniversityofStrathclyde, Glasgow,UK,[email protected]. AlanTaylorhasabackgroundinmathematicsandcomputerscience,andhis researchinterestslieincomputationalalgorithmsfornetworkscience. Chapter 1 Complex Networks: An Invitation ErnestoEstrada,MariaFox,DesmondJ.Higham, andGian-LucaOppo Abstract Mostofusrecognizethatconnectionsareimportant.Thescienceofcon- nectivityhasformalizedandquantifiedthisbroadtruismandproducedacollection of concepts and tools that have proved to be remarkably useful in practice. With this brief opening chapter, we aim to prepare the reader for the cutting-edge and application-specificmaterialtobefoundintherestofthebookbyprovidingsome motivationandbackgroundmaterial.Wealsohopetogiveatasteoftheexcitement andthechallengesthatthisareahastooffer. (cid:2) E.Estrada( )·D.J.Higham DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow,UK e-mail:[email protected] D.J.Higham e-mail:[email protected] E.Estrada·G.-L.Oppo DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow,UK G.-L.Oppo e-mail:[email protected] M.Fox DepartmentofComputerandInformationSciences,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow,UK e-mail:[email protected] E.Estradaetal.(eds.),NetworkScience, 1 DOI10.1007/978-1-84996-396-1_1,©Springer-VerlagLondonLimited2010
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