Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment: Advances in Spatial Systems Modelling

419 Pages·1998·18.339 MB·English

by  Lars Lundqvist, Lars-Göran Mattsson, Tschangho John Kim (auth.), Professor Lars Lundqvist, Professor Lars-Göran Mattsson, Professor Tschangho John Kim (eds.)

Advances in Spatial Science
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Lars Lundqvist . Lars-Goran Mattsson
Tschangho John Kim (Eds.)
Network Infrastructure
and the Urban Environment
Advances in Spatial Systems Modelling
With 53 Figures
and 52 Tables
, Springer
Professor Lars Lundqvist
Professor Lars-Goran Mattsson
Royal Institute of Technology
Department of Infrastructure and Planning
Division of Transport and Location Analysis
S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Professor Tschangho John Kim
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
111 Temple Buell Hall
611 E. Lorado Taft Dr.
Champaign, IL 61820, USA
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72244-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72242-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-72242-4
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Network infrastructure and the urban environment: advances inspatial systems
modelling I Lars Lundqvist ... (ed.).-
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(Advances in spatial science)
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Preface
This volume is the result of an international collaboration, which started with a
conference at Smadalaro Gfrrd in Sweden. The workshop was supported by the
National Science Foundation of the USA (INT-9215114) and by the Swedish
National Road Administration, the Swedish Council for Building Research, the
Swedish Transport and Communications Research Board and the Swedish Council
for Planning and Coordination of Research. This support is gratefully acknow
ledged. The collaboration started as a bilateral u.S.-Swedish endeavour but was
soon widened to other scholars in Europe, Asia, Australia and South-America.
Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment is a policy area of growing
importance. Sustainable cities and sustainable transport systems are necessary for
attaining a sustainable development. The research and policy field, represented in
this volume, comprises a number of challenging contrasts:
- the contrast between infrastructure investments, mobility and environmental
sustainability;
- the contrast between policy contexts, modelling traditions and available
decision support systems in various parts of the world;
- the contrast between available best practice methods and the majority of models
applied in planning;
the contrast between static models of cross-sectionary equilibria and dynamic
models of disequilibrium adjustments; and
the contrast between state-of-the-art operationalland-use/transport models and
new demands for land-use/transportlenvironment models due to changing
policy contexts.
Bridging some of these gaps constitutes important research tasks, that are
discussed in the twenty-two chapters of this book. A number of emerging research
directions are identified in the introduction and summary chapter.
In addition to cross-refereeing by the authors of this volume, many colleagues
have contributed to the improvement of its content by careful reviews of earlier
versions of the chapters: Alex Anas, Roland ArtIe, Joseph Berechman, Erik
Anders Eriksson, Stephen Fournier, Stewart Fotheringham, Marc Gaudry,
Yoshitsugu Hayashi, James Hicks, Roger Mackett, Norbert Oppenheim, Michael
Patriksson, Poulicos Prastacos, David Simmonds, Kenneth Small, Tony Smith and
Roger Vickerman. Their efforts are gratefully acknowledged. David Batten was
instrumental in organising the workshop and in the planning of this publication.
vi Preface
The editing work has been done within the Department of Infrastructure and
Planning, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. Sixteen of the chapters have
been edited in Word or WordPerfect by Ingrid Johansson and six of the chapters
have been edited in LaTeX by Anders Karlstrom. We thank both of them for
efficient and conscientious work. Steve Scott-Robson has assisted in improving the
language of non-English speaking authors. The work has been coordinated by Lars
Lundqvist and Lars-Goran Mattsson, earlier within the Division of Regional
Planning and currently within the recently established Division of Transport and
Location Analysis.
Stockholm in April, 1998.
Lars Lundqvist Lars-Goran Mattsson Tschangho John Kim
Contents
Preface v
1 Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment:
Introduction and Summary
Lars Lundqvist, Lars-Goran Mattsson and Tschangho John Kim
Part I ISSUES
2 Infrastructure and Economic Milieu: Swedish Contributions 19
1960-1995
Borje Johansson
3 The Changing Context of Transportation Modeling: Implications 53
of the New Ecouomy, Intermodalism and the Drive for Environ
mental Quality
T.R. Lakshmanan
4 Excess Commuting in U.S. Metropolitan Areas 72
Edwin S. Mills
5 Household Commuting: Implications of the Behavior of 84
Two-Worker Households for Land-Userrransportation Models
Peter Gordon, Yu-chun Liao and Harry Richardson
Part I I DYNAMICS AND EQUILIBRIA IN NETWORK MODELLING:
NEW THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS
6 Disequilibrium Network Design: A New Paradigm for 99
Transportation Planning and Control
Terry L. Friesz, Samir Shah and David Bernstein
viii Contents
7 Infinite Dimensional Formulations of Some Dynamic Traffic 112
Assignment Models
David Bernstein and Terry L. Friesz
8 Introduction to Projected Dynamical Systems for Traffic 125
Network Equilibrium Problems
Anna N agurney and Ding Zhang
9 Worker and Workplace Heterogeneity and Residential 157
Location: A Historical Perspective on Stockholm
Bjorn Hiirsman and John M. Quigley
10 Parameter Estimation for Combined Travel Choice Models 177
David E. Boyce and Yu-Fang Zhang
11 Discrete Spatial Price Equilibrium 194
Sven Erlander and Jan T. Lundgren
12 Integration of Freight Network and Computable General 212
Equilibrium Models
Terry L. Friesz, Zhong-Gui Suo and Lars Westin
13 A Spatial Computable General Equilibrium Approach for 224
Measuring MuItiregional Impacts of Large Scale Trans-
portation Projects
Toshihiko Miyagi
Part III INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITY LOCATION
AND TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AND REGIONAL
SYSTEMS
14 Applied Models of Urban Land Use, Transport and 245
Environment: State of the Art and Future Developments
Michael Wegener
15 Results from Implementation of Integrated Transportation 268
and Land Use Models in Metropolitan Regions
Stephen H. Putman
16 Improved Logit Formulations for Integrated Land Use, 288
Transport and Environmental Models
Tomas de la Barra
Contents ix
17 Modelling Land-Use and Transport Interaction: Policy 308
Analyses Using the IMREL Model
Christer Anderstig and Lars-Goran Mattsson
18 A Combined Model for Analysing Network Infrastructure 329
and Land-UselTransportation Interactions
Lars Lundqvist
19 Development of a Compact Urban Simulation Model 344
John R. Roy, Leorey O. Marquez, Michael A.P. Taylor and
Takayuki Veda
20 An Interactive Computer System for Land-Use Transport 361
Analysis
Geoffrey G. Roy and Folke Snickars
21 A Combined Economic Activity and Transportation Model: 381
A Solution Procedure and Application to Multi-Regional
Planning
Paul F. Hanley and Tschangho John Kim
22 Road Infrastructure and Corridor Development 395
Sytze A. Rienstra, Piet Rietveld, Maarten T.R. Hilferink
and Frank R. Bruinsma
1 Network Infrastructure and the Urban
Environment: Introduction and Summary
Lars Lundqvist Tschangho John Kim
Lars-Goran Mattsson Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Department ofInfrastructure and Planning University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Division of Transport and Location Analysis III Temple Buell Hall
Royal Institute of Technology 611 E. Lorado Taft Dr.
S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Champaign, IL61820, USA
1.1 Challenging Issues
Transportation and communications networks together with the built environment
constitute a major share of a society's infrastructure. The amount of investment in
this area in any country, particularly in developed countries, is immense. The
impact of infrastructure on economic efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness,
as well as on people's welfare is also tremendous. But there is a negative side to
this as well, especially to the expansion of transportation networks and the
accompanying increased motorised mobility. Air emissions, the use of non
renewable resources, accidents and congestion are a few examples of issues that
have been raised in the growing public debate. Sustainability, apart from the fact
that it is not easily defined, has become a key concept in transport policy forming.
A proper understanding of the role of infrastructure for welfare - including
positive and negative externalities - and economic growth will be a decisive factor
for a successful urban and regional policy that can balance different objectives in
an appropriate way.
This very broad picture leads to a number of challenging research issues.
Even if it has been possible to connect infrastructure provision with economic
growth, much remains to be done before the exact nature of this relationship has
been fully understood. Improved transportation infrastructure will reduce travel
times and transportation costs. But are these the only effects? Some approaches
look at how infrastructure influences the development of a regional economic
milieu and what factors can explain location decisions. What makes certain
regions or cities more prosperous? Contact opportunities, interaction patterns,
regional attributes, accessibility and agglomeration economies are important
concepts in this context.
Reductions in travel time and transportation cost are typically evaluated by
cost-benefit analysis. This requires, among other things, that all relevant effects of
individuals and firms on transportation and location behaviour are incorporated in
the underlying demand models. Both theory and data place restrictions on what
can be included in a demand model. There is then a risk that certain effects are
simply excluded by assumption. It is desirable to improve the methodology to
cover impacts of infrastructure investments such as induced traffic, relocation and
productivity changes in a more precise way.
L. Lundqvist et al. (eds.), Network Infrastructure and the Urban Environment
© Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg 1998