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Network Diplomacy Contributing to Peace in the 21st Century Vladimir M. Morozov Network Diplomacy Vladimir M. Morozov Network Diplomacy Contributing to Peace in the 21st Century Vladimir M. Morozov Moscow State Institute of International Relations MGIMO University Moscow, Russia ISBN 978-981-19-7005-4 ISBN 978-981-19-7006-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7006-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore About This Book The current monograph is the result of many years of work by the author in the field of the understudied concept of network diplomacy and the possibilities of using it in resolving sharp conflicts in order to facilitate their more effective resolution, as well as the possibilities of using the elements of network diplomacy in peaceful spheres of world politics, busi- ness, and private sector. The main part of the book consists of case studies that are dedicated to the possible use of network diplomacy in “prob- lem” zones (the Libyan crisis, the conflict in Syria, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the armed conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh), as well as in areas of peaceful coexistence (international sport, culture, and humanitarian ties, twin cities, cross-years, etc). Some chapters are particularly dedicated to Russia’s possible involvement in network solutions to the conflicts. This study will offer insights into how Russian diplomats are hoping to build a new peace today. v Contents 1 Introduction: What Is Network Diplomacy? 1 2 Theoretical Analysis and Implications of Network Diplomacy Concept 13 3 Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of Russia’s Network Diplomacy 37 4 China and US Network and Public Diplomacy 55 5 Problems and Prospects of Network Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century 65 6 Russia’s Network Diplomacy in the East 85 7 Network Diplomacy as a Tool for Prospective Peace Resolution in the Libyan Crisis 101 8 Network Diplomacy in Resolving the Syria Crisis 125 9 Network Diplomacy and the Future of the Israel–Palestine Conflict 139 10 The Network Diplomacy Model in the Context of Nagorno-Karabakh: Prospects for Conflict Resolution 149 vii viii CONTENTS 11 Network Diplomacy: Is It Ever Possible to Negotiate with Terrorists? 167 12 Network Diplomacy and ‘Forgotten’ Conflicts—Can We Resolve Them? 185 13 Cultural and Humanitarian Ties as a Tool of Network Diplomacy 199 14 Network Diplomacy and City Twinning 221 15 Network Diplomacy and Cross-Years 233 16 Network and Sports Diplomacy 245 About the Author Vladimir M. Morozov, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at the Depart- ment of Diplomacy and Vice President for HR at MGIMO University and is known as a respected expert on Middle East and diplomacy. He has a Ph.D. in History and has been working at MGIMO since 2002 with a break in 2004–2007 when he was assigned to the Embassy of the Russian Federation to Israel. He teaches Russia in Global Politics, Negotiations and Consulting, Public Diplomacy, Network Diplomacy, Diplomatic service of foreign countries, Cultural and religious traditions in the Middle East. He is the co-author of The State of Palestine: the Right for the Future (2018) and a big number of scientific articles on Israel, the Middle East, public diplomacy, etc. He has large experience in conducting research projects on various issues in the Middle East region, Israel, Diplomacy and Negotiations. He is member of the Scien- tific Council of Department of World History at the Russian Academy of Sciences. Current academic interests: Middle East, Israel, Israeli-Russian relations, Soviet-Israeli relations, Public Diplomacy. ix List of Figures Fig. 3.1 The system of bodies implementing Russia’s foreign policy 50 Fig. 11.1 Map of the territories under control of the Taliban 173 Scheme 1 Network formats of cooperation with Russia’s participation in the Middle East 96 Scheme 2 Network formats of cooperation with Russia’s participation in the Asia–Pacific region 97 xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction: What Is Network Diplomacy? The phenomenon of network diplomacy can be considered a kind of derivative of all the features that currently characterize the contemporary world political order. Still, there’s no common understanding or unified approach to the study of network diplomacy. Most researchers agree that the formation of network mechanisms for diplomacy is closely connected with the processes of globalization and integration, which have arisen due to the new challenges facing the international community, and demon- strates the importance of these tools in meeting the new requirements for diplomacy today. Despite the varying opinions, in Russian studies, as well as political discourse, network diplomacy is more commonly associated with multilat- eral diplomacy, whereas it is typically linked to public diplomacy in foreign studies. It is noteworthy that, in the Western expert community, the emergence of network diplomacy is also associated with the transformation of the world system and the influence of globalization and integration processes, as well as the expansion of a range of topics subject to international interaction. At the same time, most studies of network diplomacy emphasize its functional aspects, i.e., the development of a network of contacts and rela- tionships with its participants, which in many respects distinguishes the Western approach from the Russian one. In Western political discourse, © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1 Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 V. M. Morozov, Network Diplomacy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7006-1_1