Netter’s Atlas of Human Embryology

290 Pages·2012·24.571 MB·English

by  Larry R. Cochard

Netter’s Atlas
of Human
Embryology
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Netter’s Atlas
of Human
Embryology
Larry R. Cochard, PhD
Associate Professor
Northwestern University
The Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Illustrations by Frank H. Netter, MD
Contributing Illustrators
John A. Craig, MD
Carlos A. G. Machado, MD
Copyright © 2012 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
NETTER’S ATLAS OF HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY, Updated Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means,
including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Permission for Netter art figures may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Science Licensing Department in
Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone [phone], ext. 3276 or [phone]; or e-mail [email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-4557-3977-6
eBook ISBN: 978-1-4557-3978-3
Library of Congress Catalog No: 2001132799
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, 2002
NOTICE
Every effort has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted
practices. Neither the publisher nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from
the use of the information contained herein, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the contents of
the publication.
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Dr. David Langebartel
As my teacher and mentor at the University of Wisconsin—Madison,
he stressed the relationship between embryology and adult anatomy,
and he did so with energy, authority, and a considerable amount of humor.
And to the memory of
Dr. Leslie B. Arey
He was a colleague at the beginning of my career at Northwestern.
It was a privilege and a very humbling experience
for a young, green anatomist to teach with the
20th-century master of embryology, anatomy, and histology.
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Preface
This book is intended for first-year medical format. Embryological pictures can also be
students, dental students, and other difficult and frustrating for students because
beginning students of embryology. As an of the three-dimensional complexity of the
atlas, it is a showcase for the incomparable embryo and the unfamiliar structures and
artwork of Dr. Frank H. Netter. The Netter relationships. To address this problem,
paintings in this Atlas were published in the book consists of more than just labeled
The Netter Collection of Medical images. It contains tables, schematics,
Illustrations, Dr. Netter’s series of systemic concepts, descriptive captions, summaries,
monographs that integrate anatomy, chapter glossaries, and concise text at the
embryology, physiology, pathology, bottom of each page that address all of the
functional anatomy, and clinical anatomy. major events and processes of normal and
They were also published in the Clinical abnormal development. Histological
Symposia that address particular topics. As principles are briefly covered to help the
necessary, new images were created by uninitiated understand the many references
John A. Craig, MD, and Carlos Machado, to embryonic tissues in this book.
MD. Plates were selected to match the Little was known about the genetic and
scope of material that is suitable for molecular basis of development when Dr.
beginning students and arranged in a Netter drew most of his illustrations, and
logical sequence. an atlas is not the ideal medium to convey
The theme throughout this book is an this type of information. I believe it is
emphasis on morphological patterns in important, though, to introduce the subject
the embryo and how they relate to the and to include examples of the control of
organization and function of structures in development. Illustrations from the Atlas
the adult. Another important focus is the are used to introduce cellular, molecular,
embryological basis of congenital birth and genetic concepts such as induction,
defects. Descriptive embryology can be apoptosis, growth factors, and genetic
an educational goal, but the study of patterning and determination. These
embryology is more effective, rewarding, are by necessity selective and include
and relevant when it is placed in a major events (e.g., limb development,
biological or clinical context that goes segmentation of the head) or processes that
beyond the embryo itself. The focus have broad significance in development
on morphological themes in prenatal (e.g., the interactions between epithelia and
development makes it easier to learn adult connective tissue in organ development).
anatomy and to understand an abnormality If nothing else, this material will serve
in a patient. In keeping with this idea, this to remind students of the complexity of
Atlas contains some Netter plates of adult development and the dynamic events at
anatomy. These include parts of the body the cellular and molecular level.
where complex anatomy has embryonic The terminology tables at the end of
relevance. They also provide context to each chapter are also selective. The terms
help show the relationships between include major structures, potentially
primordia and derivatives. confusing structures, and histological or
Like anatomy, embryology is a very anatomical terms that provide context. The
visual subject that lends itself to an atlas glossary is also an opportunity to include
Preface
terms that did not make it into a chapter or to congenital defects. Chapter 9 is on the head and
elaborate on important ones. At the risk of some neck region.
overlap, I decided to have a terminology section This annotated Atlas can serve as a bridge
at the end of each chapter instead of at the end of between the material presented in the classroom
the book. This makes it a more effective learning and the detail found in textbooks. It can be useful
tool, as students use this Atlas in their studies for board exam review, and to that end, there is
rather than an isolated reference feature. an appendix that summarizes all of the major
Chapter 1 is an overview of the major congenital anomalies and their embryonic basis.
developmental periods, events, and processes and More than anything, this Atlas is about the art of
ends with a section on the mechanisms of Dr. Netter. The clarity, realism, and beauty of his
abnormal development and the classification of illustrations make the study of embryology more
anomalies. Chapter 2 addresses gastrulation, the enlightening and enjoyable.
vertebrate body plan, and the placenta. Chapters
3 through 8 are organized by systems and include Larry R. Cochard, PhD
viii
Frank H. Netter, MD
Frank H. Netter was born in 1906 in New York City. He
studied art at the Art Student’s League and the National Academy
of Design before entering medical school at New York University,
where he received his medical degree in 1931. During his student
years, Dr. Netter’s notebook sketches attracted the attention of
the medical faculty and other physicians, allowing him to
augment his income by illustrating articles and textbooks. He
continued illustrating as a sideline after establishing a surgical
practice in 1933, but he ultimately opted to give up his practice
in favor of a full-time commitment to art. After service in the
United States Army during World War II, Dr. Netter began his
long collaboration with the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company (now
Novartis Pharmaceuticals). This 45-year partnership resulted in
the production of the extraordinary collection of medical art so
familiar to physicians and other medical professionals worldwide.
Icon Learning Systems acquired the Netter Collection in July
2000 and continues to update Dr. Netter’s original paintings
and to add newly commissioned paintings by artists trained in
the style of Dr. Netter.
Dr. Netter’s works are among the finest examples of the use of
illustration in the teaching of medical concepts. The 13-book
Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations, which includes the
greater part of the more than 20,000 paintings created by Dr.
Netter, became and remains one of the most famous medical
works ever published. The Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy, first
published in 1989, presents the anatomical paintings from the
Netter Collection. Now translated into 11 languages, it is the
anatomy atlas of choice among medical and health professions
students the world over.
The Netter illustrations are appreciated not only for their
aesthetic qualities, but more important, for their intellectual
content. As Dr. Netter wrote in 1949, “… clarification of a subject
is the aim and goal of illustration. No matter how beautifully
painted, how delicately and subtly rendered a subject may be,
it is of little value as a medical illustration if it does not serve
to make clear some medical point.” Dr. Netter’s planning,
conception, point of view, and approach are what inform his
paintings and what make them so intellectually valuable.
Frank H. Netter, MD, physician and artist, died in 1991.