Net Zero Energy Buildings: International projects of carbon neutrality in buildings

195 Pages·2013·16.371 MB·German

by  Karsten Voss, Eike Musall

KARSTEN VOSS
EIKE MUSALL
NET ZERO ENERGY
BUILDINGS
INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS OF CARBON NEUTRALITY IN BUILDINGS
∂ Green Books
NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS

KARSTEN VOSS
EIKE MUSALL
NET ZERO ENERGY
BUILDINGS
INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS OF CARBON NEUTRALITY IN BUILDINGS
∂ Green Books
AUTHORS AND EDITORS EDITORIAL SERVICES
Karsten Voss, Prof. Dr.-Ing.; Eike Musall, M.Sc.arch. Editors:
Cornelia Hellstern, Dipl.-Ing. (project head); Kim Ahrend,
CO-AUTHORS Dipl.-Ing. Architektin; Jana Rackwitz, Dipl.-Ing.
Andreas K. Athienitis, Prof. Ph.D.; Soara Bernard, M.Sc.arch.,
4 IMPRINT Dipl.-Ing.; Armin Binz, Prof.; Dylan Brady; Marko Brandes, Editorial assistants:
Dipl.-Ing.; José A. Candanedo, Ph.D.; Arnulf Dinkel, Dipl.-Ing. Katinka Johanning, Dr.; Michaela Linder, State Certified
Architekt; Sabine Erber, DI; Shane Esmore, Director & Principal Translator; Jakob Schoof, Dipl.-Ing.
Sustainability Consultant; Norbert Fisch, Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.;
François Garde, Prof.; Sonja Geier, DI; Michael Gies, Dipl.-Ing.; Translation into English:
Monika Hall, Dr.-Ing.; Ferdinand Hammerer; Sebastian Herkel, J. Roderick O’Donovan, B. Arch., Vienna (A)
Dipl.-Ing. Maschinenbau; Patrick Jung, Dipl.-Ing., Visiting Prof.; Premier Focus Inc., Waterloo, Ontario (CDN)
Florian Kagerer, Dipl.-Ing.; Beat Kämpfen, Dipl. Architekt eth/sia, Sevag Pogharian Design, Montreal, Quebec (CDN)
M.A.; Jens Krause, Dipl.-Ing.; Jörg Lange, Dr.; Henrik Langehein,
Dipl.-Ing.; Beatrix Lehnert, Design Manager; Aurélie Lenoir; Proofreading:
Ingo Lütkemeyer, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Architekt; Masa Noguchi, Mark Kammerbauer, Dipl.Ing., M. Sc., Munich
Ph.D., Senior Lecturer; Stefan Plesser, Dipl.-Ing. Architekt;
Dietmar Riecks, Dipl.-Ing. Architekt; Audrius Ringaila, Invited Drawings:
Designer; Lars Rössing, Dipl.-Ing. Architekt; Tanja Siems, Prof. Ralph Donhauser, Dipl.-Ing.
Dr.-Ing.; Katharina Simon, M.Sc.arch.; Armin Themessl, Ing.;
Bert Tilicke, Dipl.-Ing. Architekt/Landschaftsarchitekt; Martin Graphic design:
Ufheil, Dipl.-Ing.; David Waldren, Development Manager; Michael Vitzthum, Dipl.-Des. (Cover)
Gerhard Zweier, Dipl.Ing. Architekt Cornelia Hellstern, Dipl.-Ing. (Layout)
ASSISTANTS DTP & Production:
Melina Schulz, B.Sc.arch., M.Sc.arch.cand.; Masato Takagaki, Roswitha Siegler, Simone Soesters
Bachelor of Law, B.Sc.arch.cand.; Dennis Hagen, M.Sc.arch.;
Jana Eggermann, B.Sc.arch.cand. Reproduction:
Martin Härtl OHG, Munich
FUNDING
This publication was produced in the context of collaboration Printing and binding:
between experts of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in the Kösel GmbH & Co. KG, Altusried-Krugzell
framework of the programmes Solar Heating & Cooling (SHC,
Task 40) and Energy Conservation in Buildings & Community Sys- This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether
tems (ECBCS, Annex 52) under the title “Towards Net Zero Ener- the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the
gy Solar Buildings”. The official publication is the English edition. rights of translation, reprinting, recitation, reuse of illustrations
and tables, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other
ways and storage in data processing systems. Reproduction
of any part of this work in individual cases too, is only permitted
within the limits of the provisions of the valid edition of the copy-
right law. A charge will be levied. Infringements will be subject
to the penalty clauses of the copyright law.
This book and the German collaboration in the framework of
the IEA were aided as part of the research initiative EnOB – Bibliographic information published by the German National
Reseach for Energy-optimised Construction, in accordance with Library: The German National Library lists this publication
a decision of the Bundestag, by the German Federal Ministry in the Deutsche Nationalbibliograpfie; detailed bibliographic
of Economics and Technology. The Austrian collaboration in the information is available on the Internet http://dnb.d-nb.de.
framework of the IEA and in the production of this publication
was aided by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Transport, Inno- Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation
vation and Technology, the Swiss contribution by the Swiss GmbH & Co. KG
Federal Office of Energy. Hackerbrücke 6, D-80335 Munich
www.detail.de
Partial funding for the translation into English was provided by:
• Government of Canada's Program of Energy Research and © 2013, new edition
Development (PERD) under the project management of ISBN: 978-3-920034-80-5
CanmetENERGY research centre. PERD Is a federal inter-
departmental program operated the Department of Natural
Resources Canada.
• Grocon group of companies, Australia.
IMPRINT
A BACKGROUND INFORMATION CITIES
K arsten Voss with contributions by 12 MASDAR URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Monika Hall, Sonja Geier and Armin Binz PROJECT 108
Tanja Siems, Katharina Simon,
CONTENTS
1 TOWARDS CLIMATE NEUTRAL Arnulf Dinkel, Eike Musall 55
BUILDINGS 10
2 M ETHODICAL PRINCIPLES OF OVERVIEW OF PROJECTS AND THEIR
BALANCING 28 CHARACTERISTICS – PART 2 114
3 E NERGY BALANCING: PRACTICE, Eike Musall, Karsten Voss
STANDARDISATION, AND LEGISLATION 40
OFFICE BUILDINGS
13 CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 120
B PROJECTS AND LESSONS LEARNED Monika Hall, Eike Musall
14 WWF HEADQUARTERS 125
OVERVIEW OF PROJECTS AND THEIR Eike Musall
CHARACTERISTICS – PART 1 50 15 OFFICE BUILDING WITH APARTMENT 129
Eike Musall, Karsten Voss Sonja Geier
16 PIXEL BUILDING 134
SMALL RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Shane Esmore, David Waldren, Dylan
01 RESIDENTIAL HOUSE 56 Brady, Beatrix Lehnert
Monika Hall, Eike Musall
02 ÉCOTERRA HOME 60 PRODUCTION AND ADMINISTRATION
Andreas Athienitis, José Candanedo, 17 COMPANY HEADQUARTERS 138
Eike Musall Stefan Plesser, Henrik Langehein,
03 LIGHTHOUSE 64 Norbert Fisch
Masa Noguchi, Eike Musall 18 ZERO EMISSIONS FACTORY 144
04 HOME FOR LIFE 68 Dietmar Riecks, Eike Musall, Martin Ufheil
Eike Musall
EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
LARGE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 19 SCHOOL RENOVATION 150
05 KRAFTWERK B 72 Sabine Erber, Gerhard Zweier, Ferde
Monika Hall, Eike Musall Hammerer, Eike Musall
06 RENOVATION BLAUE HEIMAT 78 20 UNIVERSITY BUILDING 154
Florian Kagerer, Sebastian Herkel Aurélie Lenoir, François Garde
07 KLEEHÄUSER 84 21 DAY CARE CENTRE 158
Jörg Lange, Eike Musall, Michael Gies Bert Tilicke, Lars Rössing, Patrick Jung
08 MULTI-FAMILY DWELLING 89 22 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 163
Beat Kämpfen Ingo Lütkemeyer, Jens Krause,
Marko Brandes
HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS
09 SOLAR COMMUNITY 94 EXPERIMENTAL BUILDINGS
Eike Musall, Karsten Voss 23 SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 168
10 ENERGY PLUS COMMUNITY 100 Soara Bernard
Sonja Geier
11 BEDZED COMMUNITY 103
Masa Noguchi, Audrius Ringaila, C APPENDIX 178
Eike Musall
CONTENTS
Discussions on the appropriate energy policy for CLIMATE NEUTRAL BUILDINGS Under extreme
the future and the growing concerns about climate conditions, autonomous buildings point the way.
change regularly focus on the built environment in Far removed from any kind of energy infrastructure
particular. On the one hand, the construction, main- and without a connection to an energy grid, they
PREFACE
6 tenance, and operation of buildings throughout their are generally entirely self-supplying by means of
life cycle consumes large amounts of energy and renewables. But for the broad mass of buildings
causes emissions. On the other hand, we are al- connected to the grid, this can't represent the model
ready aware of and have tested measures for all of the future.
kinds of buildings that can dramatically reduce the The long-term storage of energy, in particular of
level of consumption and emissions. electricity, is a significant technological bottleneck.
Equipping buildings to produce their own electricity
However, the net zero energy and plus energy is not only technologically demanding, the mainte-
buildings dealt with in this book go further than these nance of such systems is complex and expensive,
concepts. They indicate how an equalised annual which means that connecting the building to an elec-
energy balance can be achieved by bringing to- tricity grid offers a significant advantage. However, a
gether architectural design, energy efficiency and building can only be described as climate neutral if
the local use of renewables. They stand for inde- the electricity grids are based to 100 % on renewa-
pendence from finite resources and immunity to bles. But today and in the long term there is too little
fluctuating energy prices. A zero-carbon building of this certified green electricity to waste it through
does not contribute to climate change. inadequate building efficiency. The planned intro-
duction of electro-mobility will increase the demand
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT In the new ver- for clean electricity, allowing even less room for
sion of the building guidelines published in 2010 wastage.
the European Union calls upon member states to
introduce the energy standard “Nearly Zero Energy PROJECTS AND LESSONS LEARNED Buildings
Building” for all new buildings by no later than the have sufficient surface area, space, and infrastruc-
end of 2020. The building technology programme of ture to operate their own plants to generate energy
the United States of America formulates the goals of and feed it into grids. Here, photovoltaic systems
arriving at marketable zero energy residential build- and (above all, in larger and more energy intensive
ings by 2020 and non-residential buildings by 2025. non-residential buildings) combined heat and power
Nevertheless, standards that precisely define the plants integrated in the building and run on biomass
goals in relation to the respective national building are suitable. Many of the projects presented in this
practice standards do not yet exist. The Swiss MIN- book are so-called all-electric houses. This applies
ERGIE-A Certificate, which was released in March in particular to the residential buildings. Their energy
2010, has become a pioneer in this important area systems are restricted to photovoltaic systems and
of establishing definitions. heat pumps, so that electricity is their only energy
source.
A proposal towards a calculation process in the
context of German standardisation has been formu- Because net zero energy buildings manage without
lated and accompanied by a relevant calculation long-term storage of electrical energy, the national
tool. The basic material needed to acquire a general power grid takes on this function and balances
understanding of the theme is conveyed in Section A seasonal fluctuations in energy generation in relation
of this book, “BACKGROUND INFORMATION”. to varying energy demands. The buildings present-
PREFACE
ed in Section B of this book, "PROJECTS AND LES- However, this does not reduce their value. Cross- The IEA joint “Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC)
SONS LEARNED", differ clearly with regard to the sectional analyses of more than 50 further projects Programme Task 40 /Energy Conservation in Build-
extent to which this “service” for grid based balanc- carried out all around the world supplement the ings and Community Systems (ECBCS) Programme
ing is used and how flexibly the building energy overview and broaden knowledge of possible strate- Annex 52: Towards Net-Zero Energy Solar Build-
system can react to the demands of the grids. In the gies. Research has revealed the dynamics with ings” (NZEBs) is a 5-year international collaboration 77
future, to ensure an optimally functioning grid infra- which the field of zero energy is currently being between approximately 75 national experts from
structure, also with a substantially higher quota of developed. 19 nations in Europe, North America, Oceania, and
electricity from renewables (smart grids), buildings Southeast Asia. It seeks to study current net-zero,
will have to be more intensively integrated in genera- NETWORK OF RESEARCHERS The collaboration near net-zero and very low energy buildings and to
tion and load management than has been the case in the international energy agency IEA titled “To- develop a common understanding of a harmonised
thus far. wards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings” involves international definitions framework, tools, innovative
representatives of 19 nations who participate in solutions and industry guidelines to support the
The case studies show that very high energy effi- an intensive dialogue on suitable definitions and conversion of the NZEB concept from an idea into
ciency is imperative for a realistic chance of achiev- assessment procedures, discussing the experi- practical reality in the marketplace. I am pleased
ing an equalised annual energy balance. Through ence they have gained from national demonstration to present the English edition of “Net-Zero Energy
the interaction of architecture, building construction, projects, and publishing their findings. These activi- Buildings”, a major accomplishment in this field, and
and energy technology the studies presented utilise ties also underline the international dimensions of which encapsulates the many and varied concepts
diverse possibilities: from the geometry to the U- the theme and its growing importance. and views of defining net-zero energy buildings by
values of the parts of the building envelope to the government research organizations, international
performance of combined heat and power units ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the numerous and regional research centres, academia, and in-
or photovoltaic arrays. The 23 projects selected authors whose contributions are of such significant dustry that have been discussed in this Task /Annex
present buildings of different sizes, typologies, loca- importance for the success of this book. With their since its inauguration in the fall of 2008. I am confi-
tions, and construction methods, ranging from resi- buildings, committed clients and designers have dent this book will find many interested readers.
dential and non-residential buildings to housing created the conditions under which net zero energy
developments and even an entire city. Many projects buildings can become reality.
use the passive house standard as their starting
point, while the first renovation projects point the way The work on this book was assisted by the German Varennes, Canada October 2011
towards zero energy for an existing building fabric. Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, the Josef Ayoub
Designing and building a net zero energy building Swiss Federal Office of Energy, and the Austrian Operating Agent, IEA SHC Task 40 /ECBCS Annex 52,
means that from the very start energy demand and Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Tech- CanmetENERGY / Natural Resources Canada
energy generation must be consistently kept in bal- nology. The English language edition is a slightly
ance: If the demand in the annual sum exceeds the modified follow-up of the German language book
possibilities for energy generation, further savings published in June 2011. The translation was sup-
must be implemented. Here, an integrated planning ported by the Government of Canada's Program of
team of architects, structural designers, and energy Energy Research and Development as well as the
engineers is the decisive and essential requirement. Grocon group of companies in Australia.
This book documents in detail the results of energy
monitoring and the experience gained from the
planning and use phases, as well as the individual
steps on the way to an equalised energy balance.
The fact that a number of buildings don't achieve Wuppertal October 2011
this balance in practice emphasises the difficulty of Karsten Voss, Eike Musall
this task and the gap between planning and reality. The editors
PREFACE
BACKGROUND
8
INFORMATION
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
A 1 TOWARDS CLIMATE NEUTRAL THE BALANCE BOUNDARY 33
BUILDINGS 10 USE-SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION 33
ELECTROMOBILITY 33
A DESCRIPTIVE EXAMPLE 10 EXTERNAL ENERGY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 33
9
AMBITIOUS POLICY GOALS 12 THE BALANCING PERIOD 34
EUROPEAN UNION 12 THE GRID OF THE FUTURE 34
GERMANY 13 THE INFLUENCE OF EMBODIED ENERGY ON
SWITZERLAND 13 THE LIFECYCLE BALANCE 34
AUSTRIA 14
USA 15 LOAD-MATCH AS CRITERION OF DIFFEREN-
CANADA 15 TIATION 35
THE SELECTION OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS ARE ENERGY- INFLUENCES LOAD-MATCH 37
EFFICIENT 16 ACTUAL LOAD-MATCH IS SMALLER 37
ZERO ENERGY EXTREME: GRID INTEGRATION 37
SELF-SUFFICIENT BUILDINGS 18
SELF-SUFFICIENT HEATING SUPPLY
– POSSIBLE, BUT BETTER NOT ENTIRELY 18
SELF-SUFFICIENT POWER SUPPLY A 3 ENERGY BALANCING: PRACTICE, STAND-
– ONLY IF NECESSARY 20 ARDISATION, AND LEGISLATION 40
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF ZERO ENERGY GERMANY 40
BUILDINGS: MORE OR LESS GRID-BASED 23 LEGISLATION AND STANDARDISATION 40
CONCEPT FOR REDEFINING THE
A FIRST CONCLUSION 26 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING 42
CALCULATION TOOL 42
SWITZERLAND 42
A 2 METHODICAL PRINCIPLES OF LEGISLATION AND STANDARDISATION 43
BALANCING 28 THE MINERGIE LABEL 44
MINERGIE-A 45
INPUT / OUTPUT BALANCE 28 MINERGIE-P AND MINERGIE-A 45
SOLAR CONCEPTS AND THEIR EXPANSION IN
ENERGY-INTENSIVE BUILDINGS 28 AUSTRIA 45
MANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ZERO ENERGY LEGISLATION AND STANDARDISATION 46
BUILDINGS ARE HIDDEN BY DETAIL 29
THE BALANCING INDICATORS 30
PRIMARY ENERGY 30
GREENHOUSE GASES 30
ENERGY COSTS 31
DIFFERENT PRIMARY ENERGY FACTORS 31
CONTENTS