Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective

897 Pages·2018·454.7 MB·English

by  Deborah Allen, Denise G. Anderson, and Sarah Salm

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Denise G. Anderson
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
Sarah N. Salm
BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN
COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Deborah P. Allen
JEFFERSON COLLEGE
Eugene W. Nester
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
and0999x_fm_i-xxxii.indd i 11/07/17 10:47 AM
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NESTER’S MICROBIOLOGY: A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE, NINTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-
Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2016,
2012, and 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18
ISBN 978-1-259-70999-9
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Cover Image: Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of Vibrio fischeri, Gram-negative, motile,
bioluminescent, curved rod-shaped bacterium (prokaryote). ©Dennis Kunkel Microscopy/ Science Source
Compositor: SPi Global
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Anderson, Denise G. (Denise Gayle) author. | Salm, Sarah N., author. |
Allen, Deborah (Deborah Patricia) author. | Nester, Eugene W., author. |
Nester, Eugene W. Microbiology.
Title: Nester’s microbiology : a human perspective / Denise G. Anderson,
University of Washington, Sarah N. Salm, Borough of Manhattan Community
College, Deborah P. Allen, Jefferson College, Eugene W. Nester, University
of Washington.
Other titles: Microbiology (New York, N.Y. : 2019) | Microbiology
Description: Ninth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2019] |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017040501 | ISBN 9781259709999 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Microbiology.
Classification: LCC QR41.2 .M485 2019 | DDC 579—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017040501
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does
not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
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Brief Contents
PART I PART IV
Life and Death of Microorganisms Infectious Diseases
1. Humans and the Microbial World 1 21. Respiratory System Infections 531
2. The Molecules of Life 19 22. Skin Infections 574
3. Microscopy and Cell Structure 44 23. Wound Infections 601
4. Dynamics of Microbial Growth 92 24. Digestive System Infections 623
5. Control of Microbial Growth 119 25. Blood and Lymphatic Infections 664
6. Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth 139 26. Nervous System Infections 694
7. The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein 178 27. Genitourinary Tract Infections 728
8. Bacterial Genetics 206
9. Biotechnology 236
PART V
Applied Microbiology
PART II 28. Microbial Ecology 767
The Microbial World 29. Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water,
Wastes, and Polluted Habitats 786
10. Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms 259
11. The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea 279 30. Food Microbiology 800
12. The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial
APPENDICES A–1
World 310
GLOSSARY/INDEX GI–1
13. Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 332
PART III
Microorganisms and Humans
14. The Innate Immune Response 362
15. The Adaptive Immune Response 386
16. Host-Microbe Interactions 415
17. Immunological Disorders 439
18. Applications of Immune Responses 456
19. Epidemiology 477
20. Antimicrobial Medications 500
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About the Authors
The Nester Team: She later moved to New York, where she did postdoctoral work at
the NYU School of Medicine. Her research background is diverse,
Three Perspectives, One Vision, One Voice
and includes plant virology, prostate cancer, and bacteria in con-
The three authors of this edition—Denise Anderson, Sarah Salm, and taminated water sources.
Deborah Allen—may be a set of individuals with different insights
and unique experiences, but their cooperative relationship defines
the word “team.” What drives them is a single shared goal: to create
Deborah Allen
the most learning-friendly introductory microbiology textbook avail-
able. Each author carefully read all the chapters, looking for parts Deborah Allen is a Professor at Jefferson
that could be tweaked for clarity. They did this with students in mind, College in Missouri, where she teaches
suggesting simpler words where appropriate while maintaining the microbiology as well as several other
scientific rigor so important for today’s healthcare professionals. courses for students entering allied health
Meanwhile, Gene Nester continued to serve as “team member careers. Her graduate work was in zoology
emeritus,” keeping an eagle eye out for updates that could be incor- at the University of Oklahoma and in neuro-
porated into the text. His work established the text’s reputation for biology and behavior at Cornell U niversity.
©Mike Bohrer
excellence over the decades, and it lives on in this edition. She participated in cancer research at the
University of Arkansas Medical Center before embarking on a career
in publishing, working in acquisitions and development for books in
Denise Anderson the life sciences. She is now thrilled to be working on the other end
of the desk with the Nester team. Away from campus, Deborah reads
Denise Anderson is a Senior Lecturer in
or listens to her favorite Eve Dallas novels, floats the rivers and lis-
the Department of Microbiology at the
tens to folk music in the Ozarks, and fully appreciates the local
University of Washington, where she teaches
microbes while visiting Missouri wineries.
a variety of courses including general
microbiology, medical bacteriology labo-
ratory, and medical mycology/parasitology
laboratory. Equipped with a diverse educa- Eugene Nester
©Richard Moore
tional background, including undergraduate
Although no longer an active member of
work in nutrition and graduate work in food science and in micro-
the author team, Eugene (Gene) Nester
biology, she first discovered a passion for teaching when she taught
wrote the original version of the present
microbiology laboratory courses as part of her graduate training.
text with Evans Roberts and Nancy Pearsall
Her enthusiastic teaching style, fueled by regular doses of Seattle’s more than 30 years ago. That text, Micro-
famous coffee, receives high reviews from her students. biology: Molecules, Microbes and Man,
Outside academic life, Denise relaxes in the Phinney Ridge
pioneered the organ system approach to the
neighborhood of Seattle, where she lives with her husband, Richard Courtesy Eugene Nester
study of infectious disease, and was devel-
Moore, and dog, Riley (neither of whom is well trained). When not
oped specifically for allied health sciences.
planning lectures, grading papers, or writing textbook chapters, she
Gene did his undergraduate work at Cornell and received his
can usually be found chatting with the neighbors, fighting the weeds
Ph.D. in microbiology from Case Western University. He then did
in her garden, or enjoying a fermented beverage at the local pub.
postdoctoral work in the Department of Genetics at Stanford Uni-
versity with Joshua Lederberg. Following that, he joined the faculty
in the Department of Microbiology at the University of W ashington,
Sarah Salm
where he remains active as an emeritus member. His laboratory
Sarah Salm is a Professor at the Borough of demonstrated that Agrobacterium transfers DNA into plant cells—
Manhattan Community College (BMCC) the basis for the disease crown gall—a system of gene transfer that
of the City University of New York, where has become a cornerstone of plant biotechnology. In recognition of
she teaches microbiology, anatomy and his work, he was awarded the Australia Prize and the Cetus Prize in
physiology, and general biology. She Biotechnology, and was elected to fellowship in the National Acad-
earned her undergraduate and doctoral emy of Sciences, the American Academy for the Advancement of
degrees at the University of the Witwa- Science, the American Academy of Microbiology, and the National
©Sandy Coetzee
tersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Academy of Sciences in India.
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FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING . . .
Confirming Pages
Student-Friendly Illustrations
Focus Figure
Introduce the “big picture”
Innate immunity
Dendritic cell
Focus figures provide an overview or highlight a key
concept. Activates T cells that
Activation reprebsinedn tainngti g“deannsger”
Naive B cell Naive helper T cell Naive cytotoxic T cell
Keep the big picture in focus
A highlighted mini-version of the overview figure is
Proliferation
and differentiation
often incorporated into the upper left corner of subse-
Plasma cells TH cells TC cells
quent figures, helping students see how those figures
Produce Deliver Deliver “death
antibodies cytokines packages”
fit into the big picture.
Effector action
and consequence
Macrophage that Macrophage with Infected Infected “self”
Antibodies Antibodies bind has engulfed increased killing power “self” cell cell undergoes
antigen invaders apoptosis
Adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity
(humoral) (cell-mediated)
FIGURE 15.1 Overview of the Adaptive Immune Response Humoral immunity protects against antigens in blood and tissue fluid (extracellular
antigens); cell-mediated immunity protects against antigens within host cells (intracellular antigens). In this diagram, solid arrows represent the path
of a cell or molecule; dashed arrows represent a cell’s interactions and effector functions; antigen receptors and memory cells are not shown.
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assortment of ABnti-gcenell Endosome make Y-shaped proteins called antibodies. These proteins bind different set of “arms.” Although the set of arms of different
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recognizing antigen X
FIGURE 15.10 Ppmreoeplseteicdnuetle efdrsa. toghnm MeanHtstC a cArrleaessc cII otigvpnHraaeanisrttmeitginleeotiensodsn..n5b NaBann octe ieTgrlgHle i bncce. efcrlalo rgmemceoesgntn;izes Dptraaervnteidclr utitolaic tt ehc eea lnslsde ic nso otnhludeba tlreiys salyunmeti gpcehonolle idacn ttdis sthueens. Selected B cell receives confirmation from a specific
Lymphoid organ T cell that a response is warranted (not shown
H
Activated B cells: here; process is illustrated in figure 15.11)
FIGURTEh e1s5e. 1c1ells can MHC class I molecule Dendritic cells presenting Dendritic cells presenting “self”
proliferate becausCMeoH-sCti mclualsast oIIr my moloelceucluele mcoic-srtoimbiualla ptoerpyt imdeosle pcruoldeus.ce pmcoea-ptsettiirdmiaeuls ld aootro noryoth tm eporr olhedacurumcleeless.s
their B-cell receptors
are bound to antigen X T-cell receptor T-cell receptor T-cell receptor T-cell receptor
and the cells have CD4 CD8 CD4 Ncpyrootrotmepialnalssmic CD8 MmoHlCec culaless I CD8 T-cell receptor
received required
signals from T cells.
H
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(a)
Proliferation and Activated T cells proliferate and differentiate. ARengeurglaicto Try c Te llcse cllasn pnroetv reensVtp cioreanrdlta ainn idm emvuennetu raellsyp uonndseesrg. o apoVptiorusiss. Cytokines
FIGURE 15.20 proteins
differentiation
Targeted delivery
of a “death package”
Vprireaslelyn itn vfeircatle pde “psteidlfe”s c oenlls pTCre cseelnl treedc obgyn aizne isn vfeircatle pde “psteidlfe” cell Target cell undergoes apoptosis.
MHC class I molecules. and initiates apoptosis in that target.
It also releases cytokines that alert
neighboring cells.
(b) 1 2 3 Cytokine delivery TC-cDe4ll receptor
Plasma cells FIGURE 15.21
(effector B cells): Secretion
of cytokines
“Provides a logical unTfhoelsdei ndges ccoenndcaenptst uofal framework that
activated B cells
fosters better understsaencrdeitne gla.”rge quantities Menagcurolfps hmaagtee rials. Mpinrtaooct erpoienppsh tiaindg epe h fdraaegggomrsaeodnmetsse. Paclreaeps ptsi drIeIe sm efronaltgeemcdue loennst s.MHC ptThHee pc mteidlale cr eraocnpodhg arnegiszepe. os I nta d apslsr beosy re eanlcetteaivdsae tsing
of antibody molecules cytokines that stimulate TC cells.
—Jamal Bittar, University of Toldeo
that bind to antigen X.
FIGURE 15.22
Memory B cells:
viii These long-lived
descendants of
activated B cells
recognize antigen X
when it is encountered
again.
Effector action
and0999x_fm_i-xxxii.indd viii 11/07/17 10:47 AM
Antibodies:
These neutralize the
invader and tag it for
destruction.
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Rev.Confirming Pages
420 Chapter 16 Host-Microbe Interactions
Distribution of the Pathogen
Infections are often described according to the distribution of
the causative agent in the body. In a localized infection, the
microbe is limited to a small area; an example is a boil caused
by Staphylococcus aureus. In a systemic infection, the infec-
tious agent is disseminated (spread) throughout the body; an
example is Lyme disease. Systemic infections often include
Walk through the processes a characteristic set of signs and symptoms—such as fever,
Confirming Pages fatigue, and headache—that result from the systemic immune
Step-by-step figures direct the student using numbered icons, respoTnhsee s tuof ftihxe -ienmfeiact imngea angse “nitn. the blood.” Thus, bacteremia 1 Tnohet i nm hiceroalothrgya hnoissmts .must be present in every case of the disease, but
indicates that bacteria are circulating in the bloodstream. Note
of ten with corresponding icons in the text. Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms 181 tsfhooarnct etcfhauinsl ttbeoeromctoh m dboere usbs hnaciontteg nr.e eOmcenisc s tahfroeir l yoa ti hmsehpr olhyrat anp dde,ir siieonadfse eco tsfit oatntiem-i.n eAd u apfceteerdr-
bacteremia can lead to a life-threatening systemic inflammatory
FIGURE 7.3 Three Functional Types of Protein-encoding gene rRNA gene tRNA gene response, a condition called sepsis. Toxemia indicates that tox-
RNA Molecules The different functional ins are circulating in the bloodstream. The organism that causes 2 The microorganism must be grown in pure culture from diseased hosts.
types of RNA—messenger RNA (mRNA), tetanus, for instance, produces a localized infection yet its tox-
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA DNA Transcription ins circulate in the bloodstream. The term viremia indicates
(tRNA)—are transcribed from different that viral particles are circulating in the bloodstream. sepsis
genes. The mRNA is translated, and the
tRNA and rRNA fold into characteristic three- Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
dimensional structures that each play a role MicroAssessment 16.3
in? p RWroihbtaoetsi onamr esa yrli nbRtoNhsAeo missi esas. ?c“gomTopohnoenedt o f trsiebousxopmte spa. onrdt. ”illustrationPTsrorat enaisnlarteion ’tight’ and give each other Ahiicmnoe canpmllvrutiuahdmnlyeeoa ssirc cnayoedn mnpi vicapnietrdch.o uuoImbanglafie;est niaeco ndtcni aooh npnpo escps rtacoi.oua rTtdnsueh, bn eideil slic nstao eeccuasuarsstuse,ee s ,a ei onncsfhd a dr inaoins nfpoeeiaetcchsrt,eie iooor idrwun sl ioa asdften ei sneta; steh ey 3 Tmhicer osaomrgea ndiissmea isse in mtruosdtu bcee dp riondtou csuesdc wephteibnl ea hpousrets .culture of the
can be localized or systemic.
—Richard Shipee, Vincennes University 5. Why are diseases caused by opportunists becoming more
RNA is synthesized using a region of one of the two Regulating Gene Expression frequent?
strands of DNA as a template. In making the RNA molecule, 6. Give an example of a microbe that causes a latent infection.
or transcript, the base-pairing rules apply except that uracil, Although a cell’s DNA can encode thousands of different pro- 7. What factors might contribute to a long incubation period?
teins, not all of them are needed at the same time or in equal
rather than thymine, pairs with adenine. The interaction of
quantities. Because of this, cells require mechanisms to regu-
DNA and RNA is only temporary, however, and the transcript
quickly separates from the template. late the expression of certain genes. 16.4 ■ Determining the Cause
A fundamental aspect of gene regulation is the cell’s of an Infectious Disease 4 The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally
Three different functional types of RNA are required for gene ability to quickly destroy mRNA. Within minutes of being infected hosts.
e(fxipgruerses io7n.3, )a. nMd tohsets eg eanree st raennsccordibe epdr fortoemin sd iaffnedr eanrte s ettrsa nosfc greibneeds pArlothdouucegdh, thtirsa nmscigrihptt ss eeamre wdaesgterfaudle, di t abcyt ucaelllylu plaror viednezsy mceellss. Le 6a. rLniisnt gK oOcuh’tsc poomsteulates, and compare them to the molecular fFoIrG eUstRabEl i1sh6in.3g thKaotc ah g’si vPeons mtuiclarotebse cTahuessees car istepreiac ipfirco dviisdeea as efo.undation
imntRoN mAe siss ednegceord eRdN aAcc o(mrdRinNg Ato). tTheh eg einnfeotircm caotidoen, wenhcircyhp cteodr rein- with an important regulatory mechanism. If transcription of a Koch’s postulates. ? Wcahuys eiss ist ynpohti lpiso?ssible to use Koch’s postulates to show that Treponema pallidum
gene is turned “on,” transcripts will continue to be available Criteria are needed to guide scientists as they try to determine
lates each set of three nucleotides to a particular amino acid. for translation. If it is then turned “off,” the number of tran- the cause of an infectious disease. They can also be helpful 1 The microorganism must be present in every case of the
Some genes are never translated into proteins; instead the RNAs scripts will rapidly decline. By simply regulating the synthe- when studying the disease process. disease.
themselves are the final products. These genes encode either sis of mRNA molecules, a cell can quickly change the levels 2 The microorganism must be grown in pure culture from
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or transfer RNA (tRNA), each of of protein production (figure 7.4). Koch’s Postulates diseased hosts.
which plays a different but critical role in protein synthesis. Koch’s postulates—the criteria that Robert Koch used to 3 The same disease must be produced when a pure culture
show that Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax (see A Glimpse of of the microorganism is introduced into susceptible hosts.
History)—provide a foundation for establishing that a given 4 The microorganism must be recovered from the experi-
Gene A Gene B Gene C microbe causes a specific infectious disease ( figure 16.3): mentally infected hosts.
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some transcripts of protein B. transcripts of the gene.
the gene.
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624 Chapter 24 Digestive System Infections
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1. Describe the functions of the main components of the upper digestive tract is a hollow tube that starts at the mouth and ends
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3. Describe the significance of the normal intestinal microbiota. sory organs, which include the salivary glands, liver, and
pancreas, support the process of digestion by producing vital
The main purpose of the digestive system is to convert the enzymes and other substances that help break down food.
food we eat into a form that the body’s cells can use as a Like the respiratory system and the skin, the digestive tract
source of energy and raw materials for growth. It does this by is one of the body’s major boundaries with the environment.
FIGURE 7.4 The Level of Gene Expression Can Be Controlled
? How does the fact that mRNA is quickly degraded help a cell control gene
expression? Organ Function
Oral cavity Obtains and
processes food
Salivary Secrete saliva
Parotid salivary gland glands
Oral cavity containing Mumps
and0999x_ch07_178-205.indd 181 10/30/17 02:09 PM tDPoeenrngiotuadelo canantradiel stdeiseethase Salivary glands Esophagus Tstroamnsapcohrts food to
Esophagus Stomach Stores food; mechanical
Esophagitis digestion; breaks down
some proteins
Introduce the body systems Liver SGtaosmtraitcish Pancreas Senezcyremteess digestive
Hepatitis Gastric ulcer Liver Produces bile to assist
Each disease chapter includes a stunning figure that intro- Gallbladder PPaannccrreeaastitis in fat digestion
duces the students to the anatomy of the body system. SEDnmutoaedlrli etiinnstaels utilnceer Large intestine Gallbladder Snetoerdees dbile until
Dysentery
Appendix Colitis Small Site of most digestion
Appendicitis RAencutsum intestine aonf dn uatbriseonrtpstion
Food
molecules Large Absorbs some water
intestine and minerals;
Epithelial cells prepares waste
with microvilli Villus
Upper digestive tract
Smooth Lower digestive tract
muscle
LCyampipllhaariteics vessel Nerve fibers
FIGURE 24.1 The Digestive System Some of the disease conditions that can affect the system are shown in red. 
? What is the role of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?
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