Nephrology secrets PDF
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Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. 2015v1.0 NEPHROLOGY FOURTH EDITION EDGAR V. LERMA, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF, FPSN (Hon) Clinical Professor of Medicine Section of Nephrology University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine/Advocate Christ Medical Center Oak Lawn, Illinois MATTHEW A. SPARKS, MD, FASN, FNKF Assistant Professor of Medicine Associate Program Director, Nephrology Fellowship Duke University Medical Center; Staff Physician Durham VA Medical Center Durham, North Carolina JOEL M. TOPF, MD, FACP Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Medicine Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine Auburn Hills, Michigan 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 NEPHROLOGY SECRETS, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-47871-7 Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such informa- tion or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2012, 2003, and 1999. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lerma, Edgar V., editor. | Sparks, Matthew A., editor. | Topf, Joel M., editor. Title: Nephrology secrets / [edited by] Edgar V. Lerma, Matthew A. Sparks, Joel M. Topf. Description: Fourth edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017060071 | ISBN 9780323478717 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: | MESH: Kidney Diseases Classification: LCC RC903 | NLM WJ 300 | DDC 616.6/1--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017060071 International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-47871-7 Content Strategist: James Merritt Content Development Specialist: Meghan Andress Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Senior Project Manager: Rachel E. McMullen Design Direction: Bridget Hoette Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To all my mentors, and friends, at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery in Manila, Philippines, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, IL, who have in one way or another influenced and guided me to become the physician that I am . . . To all the medical students, interns, and residents at Advocate Christ Medical Center whom I have taught or learned from, especially those who eventually decided to pursue nephrology as a career . . . To my parents and my brothers, without whose unwavering love and support through the good and challenging times I would not have persevered and reached my goals in life . . . Most especially, to my two lovely and precious daughters, Anastasia Zofia and Isabella Ann, whose smiles and laughter constantly provide me with unparalleled joy and happiness; and my very loving and understanding wife, Michelle, who has always been supportive of my endeavors both personally and professionally, and who sacrificed a lot of time and exhibited unwavering patience as I devoted a significant amount of time and effort to this project. Truly, they always provide me with motivation and inspiration. Edgar V. Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF, FPSN (Hon) Editing the fourth edition of Nephrology Secrets has been both rewarding and educational. Thanks to Edgar and Joel for embarking on this journey with me. I could not ask for a better editorial team. Thanks to each of the chapter authors for taking time to research and write excellent chapters. Thanks to all of my mentors, especially Tom Andreoli, Bob Safirstein, and Tom Coffman. Thanks to the many undergraduates, medical students, residents, fellows, and my colleagues I have had the privilege to work with both at Duke University Medical Center and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. You have all played an important role in my life and continue to inspire and motivate me. Thanks to my family, my siblings Jeff, Shannon, and my parents for their encouragement and support. Especially thanks to my wife, Neha, and the twins, Meera and Ishan, for their unequivocal support and love throughout this project. Thank you to the many patients and family members I have had the privilege to care for over the years. I sincerely hope this book helps others on their journey in medicine. Matthew A. Sparks, MD, FASN, FNKF iii My hike through medicine and nephrology has been filled with teachers and mentors. It has been a rich and rewarding journey in ways that I could never have imagined. During this journey there have been particular people who have believed in me and have been willing to trust me on this somewhat unconventional path. Ernest Yoder at Wayne State School of Medicine, Mary Ciccarelli at Indiana University Med-Peds, and Patrick Murray at the University of Chicago Nephrology Fellowship immediately come to mind. After my formal education, Robert Provenzano has been a tireless cheerleader and more importantly, he built St Clair Specialty Physicians into the type of nephrology company where a physician who saw private practice a bit differently could thrive. I probably owe the most to the online nephrology community that has blossomed in the last few years to be an always-on, all-hours, cocktail party, with interesting conversation and intelligent answers to the questions that bombard us all in clinical nephrology. #NephTwitter, you are the future of nephrology education. Don’t slow down; keep going full speed ahead. I want to thank my wife, Cathy. Without her I wouldn’t be able to do any of this. She is understanding, helpful, and patient. She has excellent instincts and continues to be an awesome partner. She is better than I deserve. Thanks for everything. Cathy is a wonderful mother to our twins, Simon and Laura, who are great kids and always put a smile on my face. It has been a delight watching you mature into thoughtful and kind adults. Keep doing what you are doing, you are going to be the people this planet needs. Finally, I am left with the impossible task of trying to express the amount of gratitude I have for my parents and how much they have given me. Nobody could have received a better childhood than my parents gave me and my sister. My mom and dad have always helped guide and support me. So many times they could have tried to block an unconventional decision, but instead, they understood what I was trying to do and supported and helped me along. Thanks. Joel M. Topf, MD, FACP iv CONTRIBUTORS Rajiv Agarwal, MD Michael Berkoben, MD, FACP Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Division of Nephrology Indiana University School of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana Durham, North Carolina Talal Alfaadhel, MBBS, FRCPC Scott D. Bieber, DO Assistant Professor Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine University of Washington King Saud University Medical City Seattle, Washington King Saud University Florian Buchkremer, MD Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Division of Nephrology, Dialysis & Transplantation Martin J. Andersen, DO Kantonsspital Aarau Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Aarau, Switzerland Division of Nephrology Anna Marie Burgner, MD, MEHP Indiana University School of Medicine Assistant Professor Indianapolis, Indiana Department of Nephrology and Hypertension John Robert Asplin, MD Vanderbilt University Medical Center Medical Director Nashville, Tennessee Litholink Corp, Laboratory Corporation of Americ James Brian Byrd, MD, MS Holdings Assistant Professor Chicago, Illinois Department of Medicine Rupali S. Avasare MD University of Michigan Assistant Professor of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Medicine Daniel Cattran, MD Oregon Health and Science University Professor of Medicine Portland, Oregon Department of Medicine George L. Bakris, MD University Health Network; Professor and Director, ASH Comprehensive Senior Scientist Hypertension Center Toronto General Research Institute Department of Medicine University Health Network The University of Chicago Medicine Toronto, Ontario, Canada Chicago, Illinois Devasmita Choudhury, MD Amar D. Bansal, MD Chief Renal Section Division of Renal-Electrolyte Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics Salem, Virginia; University of Pennsylvania Associate Professor Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia; Pravir V. Baxi, MD Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Assistant Professor of Medicine Roanoke Virginia Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois v vi CONTRIBUTORS Rolando Claure-Del Granado, MD, FASN Jennifer L. Ennis, MD, FACP Professor of Medicine Medical Director Head Division of Nephrology Litholink Corporation, a LabCorp Company; Hospital Obrero #2 - C.N.S., Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine Universidad Mayor de San Simon School of Medicine Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cochabamba, Bolivia University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Bradley M. Denker, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Fernando C. Fervenza, MD, PhD Harvard Medical School; Professor of Medicine Clinical Chief Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Renal Division Mayo Clinic Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Rochester, Minnesota Chief of Nephrology Robert A. Figlin, MD, FACP Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates Steven Spielberg Family Chair in Hematology Boston, Massachusetts Oncology; Vimal K. Derebail, MD Professor of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Assistant Professor of Medicine Director UNC Kidney Center Division of Hematology Oncology; University of North Carolina Deputy Director Chapel Hill, North Carolina Integrated Oncology Service Line; Deputy Director Robert J. Desnick, PhD, MD Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute Dean for Genetics and Genomic Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Saperstein Critical Care Tower Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Los Angeles, California New York, New York Zita Galvin, MD Luca di Lullo, MD Liver Transplant Unit Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Toronto General Hospital L. Parodi–Delfino Hospital University Health Network Colleferro, Italy Toronto, Ontario, Canada John V. Duronville, MD Pranav S. Garimella, MD Medical Instructor Division of Nephrology-Hypertension Division of Nephrology University of California San Diego Duke University Medical Center San Diego, California Durham, North Carolina Debbie S. Gipson, MS, MD Garabed Eknoyan, MD Professor of Pediatrics Selzman Institute of Kidney Health Department of Pediatrics Section of Nephrology University of Michigan Department of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Patrick E. Gipson, MD Professor of Pediatrics Mina El Kateb, MD University of Michigan Transplant Nephrology Fellow Ann Arbor, Michigan St John Hospital and Medical Center Detroit, Michigan David S. Goldfarb, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF Professor of Medicine and Physiology William J. Elliott, MD, PhD NYU School of Medicine; Professor of Preventive Medicine, Internal Medicine Interim Division Chief and Pharmacology Department of Nephrology Chair NYU Langone Medical Center Department of Biomedical Sciences; New York, New York Chief Division of Pharmacology Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences Yakima, Washington CONTRIBUTORS vii Arthur Greenberg, MD Jonathan Ashley Jefferson, MD, FRCP Professor of Medicine, Emeritus Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine University of Washington Duke University Medical Center Seattle, Washington Durham, North Carolina Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, MD, MPH, PhD Hermann Haller, MD Professor and Chief Professor, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Director University of California Irvine Medical Center Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Orange, California Hannover Medical School Elaine S. Kamil, MD Hannover, Germany Health Sciences Clinical Professor of Pediatrics Swapnil Hiremath, MD, MPH David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Assistant Professor Department of Pediatric Nephrology Department of Medicine Cedars-Sinai Medical Center University of Ottawa; Los Angeles, California Senior Clinical Investigator Jon-Emile S. Kenny, MD Clinical Epidemiology Assistant Professor of Medicine Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Department of Internal Medicine Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Edward J. Horwitz, MD New York, New York; Metrohealth Medical Center Masters Candidate Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Department of Learning, Informatics, Management Cleveland, Ohio and Ethics Karolinska Institutet Susan Hou, MD Stockholm, Sweden Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Charbel C. Khoury, MD Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Fellow Loyola University Medical Center Department of Nephrology Maywood, Illinois Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Fellow Lesley A. Inker, MD, MS Department of Nephrology Associate Professor of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Jatinder Kohli, MD University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Maria V. Irazabal, MD Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Assistant Professor of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Eugene C. Kovalik, MD, CM, FRCP(C), FACP, FASN Mayo Clinic Associate Profesor of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota Department of Medicine/Nephrology Duke University Medical Center Ashley Bruce Irish, MBBS, FRACP Durham, North Carolina Consultant Nephrologist Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Csaba P. Kovesdy, MD Fiona Stanley Hospital; Fred Hatch Professor of Medicine Clinical Professor Department of Medicine Department of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Western Australia Nephrology Section Chief Perth, Western Australia, Australia Memphis VA Medical Center Memphis, Tennessee Kenar D. Jhaveri, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Hempstead, New York viii CONTRIBUTORS Warren Kupin, MD Ravindra L. Mehta, MBBS, MD, DM, FACP, FASN Professor of Medicine Professor of Clinical Medicine, Miami Transplant Institute Associate Chair of Clinical Research, Katz Family Division of Nephrology Director CREST and MAS in Clinical Research University of Miami Program Miami, Florida Department of Medicine University of California San Diego Ruediger W. Lehrich, MD San Diego, California Associate Professor of Medicine, Program Director Patrick H. Nachman, MD Nephrology Fellowship, Marion Stedman Covington Distinguished Professor Director of Home-Suitable Dialysis of Medicine Duke University Medical Center UNC Kidney Center Durham, North Carolina University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Edgar V. Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FNKF, FPSN (Hon) Clinical Professor of Medicine Carol Nadai, MD Section of Nephrology Medical Oncologist Instituto de Oncologia do Parana University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine/ Curitibia, Brazil Advocate Christ Medical Center Lavinia Aura Negrea, MD Oak Lawn, Illinois Associate Professor of Medicine Moshe Levi, MD Department of Medicine Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular University Hospitals Case Medical Center Biology Cleveland, Ohio Georgetown University Medical Center Lindsay E. Nicolle, MD Aurora, Colorado University of Manitoba Joseph L. Lockridge, MD Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Medical Director Keith C. Norris, MD, PhD Kidney Transplant Program Professor Portland VA Health Care System; Department of Medicine Director of Transplant Nephrology David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Fellowship Training Program, Los Angeles, California Assistant Professor of Medicine Oregon Health & Science University Alexander Novakovic, MD Portland, Oregon Research Associate Division of Genitourinary Jennifer Lopez, BS Malignancies Department of Medical Oncology & Division of Pediatric Nephrology Therapeutics Research NYU Langone Health City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center New York, New York Duarte, California Etienne Macedo, MD, PhD Ali J. Olyaei, PharmD Assistant Adjunct Professor Professor University of California San Diego, School of Medicine and Pharmacy Practice Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension San Diego, California OSU/OHSU Rajnish Mehrotra, MBBS, MD, MS Portland, Oregon Professor of Medicine Sumanta Kumar Pal, MD Department of Medicine Associate Professor University of Washington; Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Section Head Nephrology Therapeutics Department of Medicine Division of Genitourinary Malignancies Harborview Medical Center City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center Seattle, Washington Duarte, California
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