Nepali - Thami - English Dictionary

61 Pages·1.066 MB·Nepali-English

by  Turin Mark, Thami Bir Bahadu.

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1 . ू(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3) (cid:21) (cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:21) (cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:6) (cid:28), (cid:8)(cid:29).
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2. ू(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:19) (cid:20)(cid:3), ू(cid:30)(cid:31) !", #(cid:19)$(cid:4)(cid:9)(cid:4)% (cid:2)(cid:31)&(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:27)(cid:4), (cid:24)’(cid:23)(cid:20)ि (cid:8))म+(cid:27)(cid:4) (cid:21) (cid:8),(cid:2)(cid:23) (cid:27)(cid:4)(cid:27), (cid:8)(cid:29).
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3. ू(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:19) (cid:20)(cid:3), (cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:30)(cid:4)(cid:21) (cid:16)(cid:4)ऽ (cid:6) (cid:21) !(cid:4)ः(cid:2)(cid:21) ’+(cid:3)(cid:30), (cid:8)(cid:29).

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4 . ू(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3), (cid:8) (cid:29).
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5 . ू(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3) , (cid:21)(cid:30)(cid:23)(cid:22) (cid:25)(cid:21) (cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:6) (cid:28) (cid:21) (cid:21)(cid:30)(cid:4) (cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:6) (cid:28), (cid:8)(cid:29).

6. A Bibliography on Environmental Justice in Nepal (2002)
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7. (cid:26)’/(cid:4)% 01 2(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:21)(cid:28) (cid:21) (cid:22)(cid:21) 341(cid:30)(cid:21)(cid:23), (cid:8)(cid:29).

8. An Other Voice: English Literature from Nepal (2002)
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9 . (cid:26)’/(cid:4)% 01 2(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:21)(cid:28), (cid:8) (cid:29).

10. Understanding the Maoist Movement of Nepal (2003)
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1 1. (cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:21) (cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:6) (cid:28), ू(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3), (cid:2)6ं8 012(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:21)(cid:28), (cid:2)(cid:31)(cid:30)(cid:27) !" (cid:21) (cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:26) 9(cid:30)(cid:6) (cid:4)’(cid:4):, (cid:8)(cid:29).
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14. (cid:21)(cid:30)(cid:23)(cid:22) (cid:25) (cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:6) (cid:28) (cid:21) ू (cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3), (cid:8)(cid:29).

15. Nepal Studies in the UK: Conversations with Practitioners (2004)
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16. (cid:2)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:26) (cid:25) (cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:6) (cid:28)
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17. (cid:26)’/(cid:4)% 012(cid:2)(cid:4)(cid:21)(cid:28) (cid:21) (cid:22)(cid:21) 341(cid:30)(cid:21)(cid:23), (cid:8)(cid:29)
.
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,
(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:10) ;

: [email protected]
http://www.martinchautari.org.np

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(cid:11)(cid:2)(cid:12)(cid:1)(cid:2) (2004)
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ISBN: 99933-812-4-1

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space, unfortunately I am not able to elaborate on the
Introduction grammatical structure of the Thangmi language here. For
those readers interested in Thangmi grammar, phonology
This dictionary has been a long time in the making. I started and morphology, I ask that they contact me and I will be
working on the Thami language, called Thangmi by the happy to send them academic articles that I have published
people who speak it, in 1996. When I started I knew nothing on these topics.
about the language or the ethnic community of its speakers, Second, you will notice that the first language in the list
and was surprised to discover that few other scholars of is not Thangmi but Nepali. I have thought long and hard
Nepal knew much either. about the order, and decided that Nepali should be first in
As I got to know Thangmi speakers in the Dolakha and the list for a few simple reasons. Thangmi is an unwritten
Sindhupalcok districts of central-eastern Nepal, and language, even though it lends itself fairly easily to being
discovered that the population of this little-known ethnic represented in the Devanagari script, as you will see.
community was over 20,000, the lack of published work on However, putting the column of Thangmi words first would
their language and culture seemed even more surprising. be problematic since there is as yet no standard spelling for
While my research for my PhD dissertation was on the Thangmi in Devanagari, and readers of this dictionary
grammar of Thangmi, the Thangmi speakers with whom I would have a difficult time locating words. The most
was working were naturally more interested in a having me important reason for putting Nepali first is for access and
publish a dictionary in the Nepali (Devanagari) script. My usability. In fact, many young Thangmi men and women
PhD thesis, they rightly argued, would only be available in speak better Nepali than they speak Thangmi these days. It
English and would be written using complicated linguistic is therefore far more likely that readers will want to look up
terms and would therefore remain inaccessible to them. A a Nepali word to find its Thangmi equivalent. This is only
concise dictionary, or more accurately a ‘word list’, in a possible if the Nepali column comes first in the list. There is
script which they could read would be of far greater utility another final reason: I would like non-Thangmi Nepalis to
to the community. With this request in mind, I have be able to make use of this book, and this is once again only
compiled this Nepali-Thami-English Dictionary. possible if Nepali is the language of ‘entry’. The dictionary
Let me take a moment to explain how this book came follows the order of the Nepali alphabet, and you will notice
about and why it is structured in the way it is. First, the that English has also been included. In many cases, the
present book is not really a ‘dictionary’ according to the English translation is not a perfect fit for the Nepali or the
strict definition of the term. The word listings are not Thangmi, but I have tried nevertheless to include rough
contextualised in any way, there is no analysis of the translations where possible. Many Thangmi in Dolakha and
grammar of Thangmi. Example sentences are also not Sindhupalcok have explicitly asked for English to be
provided. This is not so much an academic book as a included in the dictionary since this word list may then
practical reference book. Many Thangmi friends and function as a concise Nepali-English dictionary with a
colleagues have asked me if I would undertake to write column of Thangmi in the middle, which may be useful for
down, once and for all, the core of their vocabulary in the children learning English in school.
form of a concise book. Due to constraints of time and
1 2
Third, I must emphasise that the present Nepali-Thami- published work on Thangmi, will encourage other scholars,
English Dictionary is a compilation of Thangmi words from and particularly Thangmi themselves, to publish their
what I call the ‘Dolakha dialect’ of the language, and then linguistic findings. It is my hope that future research on the
primarily as it is spoken in the village of Suspa. While there Thangmi language and culture may be conducted
are as many variations and dialects of Thangmi as there are collaboratively with other indigenous scholars and cultural
speakers and villages, two main dialects may be identified: activists.
the ‘Dolakha dialect’ spoken in and around Suspa, Lapilang Fourth, I have been somewhat strict in deciding which
and Alampu on the one hand, and the ‘Sindhupalcok words of the Dolakha dialect of Thangmi should be
dialect’ which is spoken in Chokati, Latu and Piskar, on the included and which not. Every day that I was resident in the
other. I have concentrated my linguistic research on the Thangmi-speaking areas of Dolakha, someone would
eastern dialect of Thangmi - the one spoken in Dolakha - for supply me with a new word. While many of these were
various reasons. First, it is the region in which I first settled interesting and important lexical items, others were clearly
and spent the most time; second, because there are many loan words, such as ghumaisisa meaning ‘to walk around,
more speakers of this dialect than of the western or wander, turn’, from Nepali ghumnu and ghumaunu. People
Sindhupalcok dialect; and third, because every scholar has always ask me how many words I have collected and I
to start somewhere! I see this book as a preliminary attempt always reply that I have no idea and that this is also not the
to gather together Thangmi words and I hope that many important issue. I have decided to exclude all obvious
more will follow. The Sindhupalcok dialect of Thangmi as Nepali loan words from this word list, and also to include
spoken in Chokati, Latu and Piskar is very worthy of study only the infinitive verbal form for each verb, in other words
and more research must be conducted on this little-studied only hoksa ‘to be, to sit’ and not hokdu, hokan, hokidu or
variety of the language. It is very important to understand other examples of the verbal conjugation. I am aware that
that the present dictionary is in no way meant to be many ethnic and linguistic activists in the community would
prescriptive: I am not suggesting that ‘this, and only this, is have liked me to make the word list as long as possible, but
the Thangmi language’ or that other words which some I have been strict in including only what I believe to be the
readers may know are ‘not Thangmi’ because I have not core indigenous vocabulary of Thangmi from a linguistic
included them. This list contains words from only one perspective.
dialect, variation or style of Thangmi - a dialect which Fifth, this a non-commercial book and I seek to make
happens to be fairly uniform and have the most speakers. I no profit through its sale. It is important to me that everyone
am confident that while all Thangmi speakers will find that who might want to buy a copy of the book should be able
they recognise a majority of the words contained in the list, to, and that price is no obstacle. The low retail price of this
every reader will also find words which they think are dictionary reflects this decision. However, I have not
incorrect in spelling or meaning. Please keep a list of these compromised in terms of the quality of printing or binding,
words, or send them to me at the address below, since I and was thus obliged to look for outside funding to make
hope that one day soon it will be possible to compile a the publication a possibility. Thanks to the extremely
larger and more complete dictionary of the Thangmi generous support of the British Embassy in Kathmandu, the
language. I hope that this word list, a first in the realm of International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
3 4
(ICIMOD) in Kathmandu, the Kathmandu branch of Eco writing project is recorded in print by including him as the
Himal - the Society for Ecological Cooperation Alps- secondary author of this text. This book is dedicated to the
Himalaya, and the Alice Cozzi Heritage Language memory of his mother, Maili Thami, and also to the
Foundation, this book has become a reality. Without all of memory of the great guru Rana Bahadur Thami, both of
their generous support, this publication would simply not whom passed away during my time in Dolakha. Finally,
have been possible. thanks to Sara Shneiderman, my partner, collaborator and
Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to a number uma.
of friends and colleagues who have supported me in this Needless to say, I take full and final responsibility for
project. It is impossible to name all those who have helped, any errors which may have crept in and for any important
and equally difficult to select a few of those who have been words which have crept out. Sewa ban-pali.
indispensable. In the Netherlands, my thanks to Professor
Dr. George van Driem, without whose guidance and good Mark Turin
counsel I would never have embarked on the project of February, 2004
documenting the Thangmi language. In the United
Kingdom, I would like to thank Professor Alan Macfarlane Mark Turin
for his ongoing support over the years and also my mother, Director
Hannah Turin, for designing the front cover of the book. In Digital Himalaya Project
Nepal, I am grateful to all those at Martin Chautari, in Department of Social Anthropology
particular Dr. Jagannath Adhikari and Dr. Pratyoush Onta, University of Cambridge
for suggesting that I publish this book in their excellent Free School Lane
series, and then making good on their offer. Thanks also to Cambridge
staff and friends at Himal Association, particularly Deepak CB2 3RF
Thapa of Himal Books, for sound advice and true Great Britain
friendship. Arthur Pazo, Janga Bahadur and Pratima Thami, email: [email protected]
Man Bahadur Thami in Cokati, Mangal Bahadur and ‘Pairi’ web: http://iris.lib.virginia.edu/tibet/reference/dictionary/thangmi/index.php
Thami, Suren Kumar Thami, Sundar Bahadur Thami, The
Thami Welfare Association of Darjeeling, Nirmal Man

Tuladhar, Purna ‘Shiva’ Thapa and Dr. Rhoderick Chalmers
have been invaluable throughout, and I owe a great debt to
all of them. Without the interest, patience and enthusiasm of

Bir Bahadur ‘Lile’ Thami and wife Kamala, this book
would never have seen the light of day. Lile was and is my
language teacher, and taught me most of the Thangmi I

know. Over the years, we have grown from being
professional colleagues to being close friends, and it is only
right that his complete involvement in this dictionary-
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n]vssf tkm{af6
pRrf/0f / zAbagf]6df ?lr ePsf kf7sx¿n] d;“u ;Dks{
u/]df o; ljifodf d}n] k|sfzg u/]sf k|fl1s n]vx¿ v';Lsf
nfdf] ;do eof] of] zAbsf]zsf] tof/Ldf nfu]sf] . d}n]
;fy pknAw u/fpg] hfgsf/L klg lbg rxfG5' .
yfdL efiffdf ;g\ !((^ b]lv sfd ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . yfdL efiff
bf;] f|,] zAb;"rLdf klxnf ] efiff yfª\dL geP/ gk] fnL /flvPsf ]
af]Ng]x¿ o; efiffnfO{ yfª\dL eG5g\ . k|f/Dedf dnfO{ of] efiff
5 . o;;DaGwdf w]/ } nfdf] ;do;Dd ;fr] k] l5 gk] fnL g} klxn]
/ hftLo ;d'bfosf af/]df s]xL yfxf lyPg, clg g]kfnsf cGo
cfpg'k5{ egL lg0f{o ug'{sf s]xL sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . yfª\dLnfO{
s]xL zf]wstf{x¿nfO{ klg o;af/] vf;} hfgsf/L 5}g egL yfxf
;xh} b]jgfu/Ldf n]Vg ;lsP klg o;sf] lnlk 5}g . b]jgfu/Ldf
kfp“bf cem cfZro { nfUof ] .
o;nfO{ s;/L n]Vg] eGg]af/] s'g} vf; k¢lt cyjf z}nLsf]
g]kfnsf dWok"jL{ lhNnfx¿ bf]nvf / l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf yfª\dL
ljsf; klg ePsf] 5}g . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ klxnf] kª\lQmdf
efifLx¿;“u d]/f] ;Dks{ ePkl5 d}n] rfn kfP“, yf]/} hfgsf/Ldf
o;nfO{ /flvPsf] eP w]/} ;d:of x'g] lyof] / of] zAbsf]zsf
cfPsf] of] hftLo ;d'bfosf] hg;ª\Vof @),))) eGbf a9L 5 .
kf7snfO{ zAb vf]Hg emGem6 klg x'g] lyof] . o;/L kª\lQmdf
pgLx¿sf ] efiff / ;+:sl[tdf s'g } ;fdu|L k|sflzt gePsf]df
g]kfnLnfO{ klxn] /fVg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f kx'“r / ;xhtf g} x'g\ .
dnfO{ lgs } cfZro{ nfUof ] . d]/f ] lkPr8Lsf ] zfw] sfo{ yfªd\ L
cem sltko tGg]/L yfªd\ L dlxnf / k'?ifx¿ cfhefl]n
efiffsf] Jofs/0fdf ePsf]n] d;“u sfd ul//x]sf yfª\dL
yfª\dLeGbf gk] fnL g} /fdf| ] afN] b5g\ . To;n} ] o;sf
efifLx¿, d}n ] sfd ul//xs] f] zAbsfz] :jfefljs ¿kdf b]jgfu/L
k|of]ustf{x¿n] ;'?df g]kfnL zAb / yfª\dLdf klg To:t} cy{
j0fd{ f, k|sflzt ePsf ] x]g{ rfxGy ] . d]/f ] lkPr8Lsf ] zfw] sfo{
afs] s] f ] zAb vf]Hg ] ;Defjgf w]/ } 5 . ;?' df gk] fnL /fv] dfq
cª\u|]hL efiffdf dfq pknAw x'g]5 / o;df hl6n jfSo
o:tf ] ;Dej xg' ] lyof ] . u}/yfªd\ L g]kfnLx¿n] klg o;sf] /fdf| ]
;+/rgfx¿ ko| f]u ul/g5] g\, h'g pgLx¿sf ] kxr“' eGbf aflx/
pkofu] u¿g\ eGg ] csf {] Pp6f kd| v' sf/0f xf] . km]l/ klg of]
/xg]5 eg]/ pgLx¿ Ps lsl;dn] ;xL ts{ klg uy]{ . Pp6f
zAbsfz] df k|jz] ul/g ] klxnf ] efiff gk] fnL g} ePdf dfq ;Dej
;ª\lIfKt zAbsf]z, cem ;xL ¿kdf eGg] xf] eg] pgLx¿n] k9\g
xg' ] lyof] . of] zAbsfz] gk] fnLdf cfwfl/t u//] nl]vPsf ] 5, clg
;Sg ] efiffdf ePsf] …zAb;r" LÚ n] yfdL ;db' fonfO{ kofK{t
o;df cª\uh|] L klg /flvPsf] tkfOx+{ ¿n] Vofn ugx{' g' 5] . sltko
;xof]u xf];\ eGg] pgLx¿sf] OR5f lyof] . oxL cfu|xn] ubf{ d}n]
cj:yfdf cªu\ h]| Lsf] gk] fnL jf yfªd\ Lsf] xa' x' cg'jfb ul/Psf ]
of] g]kfnL–yfdL–cªu\ h]| L zAbsf]z tof/ u/s] f] x “' .
5}g, t/ dn} ] hfg];Dd p:t} cg'jfb ug {] k|of; u/s] f] 5 ' . bfn] vf
;ªl\ÔKtdf, of ] k':ts s;/L cfof ] / oxL ;/+ rgfdf lsg
/ l;Gwk' fNrfs] sf ;fyLx¿n ]] klg cªu\ h]| L zAb /fVgsf nflu
cfof ] eg/] JofVof u/f “} .
ljz]if cg'/fw] u/s] f lyP . o;/L aLrdf yfª\dL efiff /flvPsf ]
klxnf,] of ] k:' ts ;xL dfg]df zAbsfz] xfO] g . oxf “ k/s] f
of ] zAbsf]z ljBfnodf cª\uh]| L k9g\ ] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf nflu
zAbx¿sf ;r" Lx¿sf ] ;fGbles{ tfnfO { sg' } ks| f/n ] JofVof
gk] fnL–cªu\ h]| L zAbsfz] sf] ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsg ]
ul/Psf ] 5}g, ;fy } yfª\dL Jofs/0fsf ] s'g} ljZni]f0f klg ul/Psf ]
;DefjgfnfO{ klg pgLx¿n] cf}“NofPsf lyP .
5g} . jfSox¿sf ] pbfx/0f klg k|:tt' ul/Psf ] 5g} . jf:tljs
t];f|,] o; g]kfnL–yfdL–cªu\ h]| L zAbsf]zdf ;ª\sng
;Gbe{df u|Gyh:tf]] k|fl1s–k':ts klg of] xf]Og . w]/} yfª\dL
ul/Psf yfªd\ L zAbx¿ …bfn] vfsf ] efiffÚ / cem ljzi] f u/L
;fyLx¿n] dnfO{ ;a}sf nflu ltgLx¿sf] zAbe08f/sf] r'/f]nfO{
;':kfdf af]lng] yfª\dL efiff xf] . x'g t ufp“ / efifLx¿cg';f/
phfu/ u//] k:' ts nV] g cfu|x u/s] f lyP . ;do / ;|ft] sf ]
w]/} k|sf/sf yfª\dL efiffsf af]nL / njh klg 5g\, t/ o;nfO{
;Ldfn] ubf{ yfª\dL efiffsf] Jofs/0fsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ oxf“ JofVof
7 8
bO' {cf6] f km/s zn} Ldf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f …bf]nvfnL dnfO { gof “ zAb lbGy ] h;df w/] h} ;f ] /dfOnf / dxŒjk"0f { yfª\dL
efiffÚ h'g ;':kf, nflknfª / cnfDkj' l/kl/ afl]nG5 / csf {] d"nsf zAbx¿ x'Gy] eg] csf]{lt/ c¿ lsl;dsf cfuGt's
…l;Gwk' fNrf]ssf ] efiffÚ h'g rfs] f6L, nf6' / lk:s/nufotsf zAbx¿ klg x'Gy] . h:t}M g]kfnLsf] 3'Dg' jf 3'dfpga' f6 cfPsf]
ufp“x¿df af]lnG5 . w]/} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ d}n] o; efiff;DaGwL] 3'd}l;;f, h;sf ] cy { …3D' g', lx8\8'n ug,{' 6xNg'Ú, xG' 5 .
cWoog yfªd\ L efiff af]lng] kj" Lo{ k|fGtdf s]lGb|t u/ “] . klxnf ] dflg;x¿n] ;w}“ dnfO{ slt zAb hDdf u¥of} egL ;f]Wg] uy]{ .
sf/0f, of ]] ToxL es] xf ] hxf “ ;'?df d k'u “] / hxf “ dn} ] w]/ } ;do kf|oM d …dnfO{ yfxf 5}g clg of ] dxŒjk"0f { s'/f xf]OgÚ egL
latfP“ . bf;] |f,] o; es] df yfªd\ L efifLx¿ klZrd jf hjfkm lbg] uy +{] . g]kfnLaf6 kr“} f] lnOPsf ;a } zAbx¿nfO{ o;
l;Gwk' fNrfs] lt/ eGbf w/] } 5g \ . clg ;a} zfw] stfn{ ] sxLa“ f6 ;?' ;"rLaf6 x6fpg] lg0f{o d}n] u/]“ . clg af]nLrfnLsf ljleGg
ugk{} 5{ / d/] f ] ;?' cft klg oxL“af6 eof] . o;nfO { d}n] yfªd\ L ¿kdWo ] zAbsf] dxŒjk"0f { ¿knfO { dfq ;dfj]z ug {] lg0fo{ klg
zAb ;ªs\ ng ug {] k|f/lDes ko| f;sf ¿kdf dfq lnPsf] 5 ' / d}n] lnP “ . csf {] zAbdf, s]jn xf]S;f …x'g', a:g'Ú nfO{ /flvof] /
cfzf 5, o:tf c¿ w/] } k|of;x¿ o;kl5 xg' 5] g\ . rf]s6L, nf6' xf]Sb,' xf]sfg, xf]lsb' / dfl}vs lqmofkbsf o:tf cGo
/ lk:s/df af]lng] l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] efiff cWoog ug{ of]Uo 5 / pbfx/0fnfO{ /flvPg . :yfgLo ;d'bfodf yfª\dL hflt / efiffsf
of ] yf/] } cWoog ul/Psf ] ljljw efiff;DaGwL yk cg';Gwfg ug { w]/ } zfw] stfx{ ¿ of ] zAbsfz] sf ] ;"rL nfdf ] eP v';L xg' ] lyP
h?/L 5 . o;nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;ls“b}g egL of] zAbsf]z tof/ eg/] d ;r]t 5 ' . t/ efifflj1fgsf] bl[i6sf0] faf6 dn" cflbjf;L
ul/Psf] xf]Og eg]/ a'‰g klg cfjZos x'G5 . d}n] of] dfq yfª\dL zAbx¿nfO{ dfq ;dfj]z ug{ d}n] sl7g lg0f{o lng'k/]sf]
yfª\dL efiff xf ] eg]/ oxf “ eGg of k:| 6Øfpg vfh] s] f] xfO] g . o; xf ] .
zAbsfz] n ] cln w]/ } dflg;n ] afN] g] / tn' gfTds ¿kdf lgs} kfr“ f,“} of] u/} Jofj;flos k':ts xf ] / o;af6 gfkmf sdfpg ]
;dfgtf ePsf ] Pp6f yfªd\ L afn] LrfnL, njh / efiffnfO { p2Z] o 5}g . ;an} ] of ] k':ts lsGg ;s"g\ / To;f] ug{ dN" o
;d6] ]sf ] 5 . dnfO { ljZjf; 5 ;a } yfªd\ L efifLx¿ o;df afws gagf];\ . o; zAbsf]zsf] d"No sd /flvPsf] s'/fn] o;
;dfj]z ul/Psf w]/} zAb;“u kl/lrt /xg]5g\ . clg ;a} lg0fo{ sf ] k|ltlglwTj u5 { . t/ 5kfO / afOlG8ªsf ] u0' f:t/df
kf7sju{x¿n] cy{df jf n]vfOdf unt ePsf zAbx¿ klg s'g} ;Demft} f ul/Psf ] 5}g . oxL sf/0fn] ubf { o;sf ] k|sfzg
e§] fpg5] g\ . To:tf zAbx¿sf ] ;r" L agfO{ tn n]lvPsf] 7u] fgfdf ;Dej agfpg cGoqaf6 ;xof]u vfH] g'k¥of ] .
k7fPdf Pslbg lglZrt ¿kdf lj:t[t / kl/is[t yfª\dL o; k':tssf] k|sfzgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;a} ;+3;+:yfx¿
zAbsfz] lg:sg] s/' fdf d ljZj:t 5 ' . k|sfzgsf ] ;;+ f/df -sf7df8f}“l:yt a]nfotL b"tfjf;, b OG6/g];gn ;]G6/ km/
yfª\dL efiffsf ] of ] klxnf ] sfok{ l5 w/] } zfw] stfx{ ¿nfO{ / ljzi]f OlG6u6]| 8] dfpG6g] 8e] nkd]G6, Osf] lxdfnsf ] sf7df8f “} zfvf —
¿kdf yfª\dLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf ] efiff;DaGwL vfh] ks| fzg ug { ;f;] fO6L km/ Osf ] sfc] k/;] g PNK;–\ lxdfno, / b Pln; sfh] L
o;n] lgs } pTk/]| 0ff lbg]5 eGg] dn} ] ljZjf; lnPsf ] 5' . Yffª\dL x]l/6]h n]ª\Ujh] kmfpG8;] g_ kl|t d cfef/L 5 ' . logLx¿sf ]
efiff tyf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL ul/g] efjL cg';Gwfgx¿ :yfgLo ;be\ fjgf / ;xofu] lagf of ] ks| fzg ;Dej xg' ] lyPg .
zfw] stf{x¿sf ] ;xofu] / ;n+ Ugtfdf ;u“ } ldn]/ ul/g5] eGg ] cGTodf, o; of]hgfdf dnfO{ pT;fx k|bfg ug]{ / ;3fpg]
cfzf klg 5 . d]/f w/] } ;fyL / ;xsdLx{ ¿nfO{ d cfef/ ks| 6 ug { rfxG5' .
rfy} f], bfn] vfnL efiffsf ] sg' zAb ;dfj]z ugk{' 5{ / sg' ;xofu] ug {] ;as} f] gfd oxf “ pNn]v ug { hlt ufx|f] 5, Tolt g }
ugk{' bg{{} eGgd] f lg0fo{ ug{ klg dnfO{ lgs } ufx«f ] eof ] . yfª\dL sl7g pNnv] gLo ;xofu] k¥'ofpgx] ¿sf ]] gfd 5fGgd' f klg x'g]5 .
afl]ng ] bfn] vfsf If]qx¿df a:bf sfx] L g sfx] L x/s] lbgh;f ]] gb] /NofG8;\ sf k|fWofks 8f= hh { jfg l8d« nfO{ wGojfb 5,
9 10
h;sf] /fd|f] ;Nnfx / /]vb]vlagf d yfª\dL efiff b:tfj]h tof/
b'O{ zAb
ug {] kl/of]hgfdf nfUg ] lyOg “ . an]] fotdf w]/ } jifb{ l]vsf ] lg/Gt/
;xofu] sf nflu k|f]km;] / Png] ds] kmf/n]gkl|t d cfef/L 5 ' .
gk] fn axe' flifs, axw' fld{s, ax'hftLo tyf ax;' f:+ sl[ts
cfj/0f lrq tof/ ul/lbPsfd] f d d]/L cfdfkl|t klg w]/ } cfef/L
ljljwtfsf ] bz] xf ] . oxf “ a;f]af; ug {] y'k }| hft hfltdWo] yfdL
5' . g]kfndf d ljz]if u/L dfl6{g rf}tf/Lsf 8f= k|To"if jGt tyf
klg Ps xf ] . of ] hfltsf ] cFÎgF ] 5§' } efiff / ;:+ sl[t 5 .
8f= huGgfy clwsf/L / c¿ ;a}k|lt s[t1 5', pxf“x¿n] of]
cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] k|efj a9\b} hf“bf xfn …yfdL–;+:s[ltÚ cl:tTj
k':tsnfO { pTs[i6 rft} f/L k:' ts zª[ v\ nfcGtut{ ks| fzg ug {]
/Iffsf] l:yltdf ku' s] f] 5 . gk] fnL efiff / c? efiffx?sf
;Nnfx tyf ;xof]u lbg'eof] . /fd|f] ;Nnfx lbPsf]df / ;fy}
bafasf sf/0fn ] yfdL ;:+ sl[t ;s+ 6df kb {} uPsf ] 5 . oxL
c;n ldq ePsfd] f bLks yfkf / lxdfn P;fl];P;gsf sdr{ f/L
ultdf yfdL ;:+ s[lt Pj+ efiffsf ] nfk] xb“' } uof ] eg ] cfufdL bO' {—
tyf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . zDe' cf]hf, cfy{/
tLg k':tfkl5 xfdf| dfl}ns k/Dk/fx? …Psfb]zsf] syfÚ h:tf]
kfhf], hª\uaxfb'/ tyf k|ltdf yfdL, rf]sf6Lsf dfgaxfb'/ yfdL,
x'g klg s]lx a]/ nfUg] 5}g . oxL kl/k|]Iodf k|sflzt ug{
bfn] vfsf dªu\ naxfb/' tyf …k/} LÚ yfdL, ;/' g] sd' f/ yfdL,
nfluPsf ] yfdL efiffsf ] zAbsfz] n] xfdf| ] efiffnfO { arfO { /fVg /
/fdaxfb'/ yfdL, ;'Gb/axfb'/ yfdL, bfhL{lnªsf] yfdL
efiffljbx\ ?nfO { klg ;xofu] k¥'ofpg ] 5 eg/] ljZjf; d}n]
sNof0fsf/L ;ª\3, lgdn{ dfg tn' fw/, k"0f { …lzjÚ yfkf tyf 8f=
lnPsf] 5' .
/fl]8«s rfNd;{, cGTo;Dd lgs} u0' fuf|xL /xge' of ] / pxfx“ ¿k|lt
yfdL efiffsf ] cfÎg } lnlk 5g} . clxn;] Dd of ] efiffsf] af/d] f
d cf}wL cfef/L 5' . jL/axfb'/ …lnn]Ú yfdL -d]/f efO_ / p;sL
s'g} pNn]vgLo k':ts jf n]v tyf /rgfx? klg k|sflzt x'g
kTgL sdnfsf ] ?lr, wo} { / pT;fxau] / o; k:' tsn ] cfh of ] ¿k
;ss] f 5}gg \ . u'? -emfq“ mL_x?n] kh" f ug {] ljlw klg df}lvs ?kdf
kfpg] lyPg . lnn] d]/f efiffsf lzIfs lyP / x'g\ klg . d}n]
Ps k:' tfaf6 csf {] k':tfdf ;b {} cfPsf] dfq } xf ] . of ] efiff
hfg]sf clwsfz+ yfªd\ L efiff pgn} ] l;sfPsf xg' \ . ljutsf w/] }
;+:sl[tsf] la:t[t vfh] fg;' Gwfg xg' ' h?/L 5 . t/ ;fwg ;f|t] sf ]
jifx{ ¿df xfdL Jofj;flos ;xsdL{af6 glhssf ldqdf kl/0ft
cefj Pj + rt] gfsf ] sdLsf sf/0f xfdf| k/Dk/fx? kT| o]s lbgsf ]
eof “} . clg ldlxg]tsf ] kmn:j¿k of ] zAbsf]z …nv] g
;"o{ c:t;“u} x/fp“b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . @)%$ ;fndf a]nfotL
kl/of]hgfÚdf pgsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;xof]uL n]vssf ¿kdf /fVg'
gful/s dfs { 6'l/g;u“ d/] f ] e6] eof ] . pxf “ yfdL efiffsf ]
g} 7Ls xG' 5 . of ] k':ts pgsL cfdf dfOnL yfdLsf ] :dl[t /
cg;' Gwfgsf nflu g]kfn cfOkU' g'ePsF ] lyoF ] . To:t } @)%%
7"nf u'? /0faxfb'/ yfdLsf] :d[ltdf ;dlk{t 5 . oL b'j} hgfsf]
;fndf cdl]/sL gful/s ;f/f :gfO8/Dofg;“u klg ToxL dxfg\
:ju{jf; d bf]nvfdf ePsf] ;dodf g} ePsf] lyof] . cGTodf
sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf e]6 eof], h'g e]6 cfd yfdL hfltsf nflu
d/] L ;xofqL, ;xsdL { / …pdfÚ, ;f/f :gfO8/DofgnfO{ w/] }
sfz] 9] Ë' fsf] ?kdf /xg]5 . of ] zAbsfz] klg pxf“x?s} bg] xf ] .
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
o;sf nflu d pxf“x? b'a}nfO{ x[bob]lv g} wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
k':tsdf s'g} q'l6 x'g uPsf 5g\ / dxŒjk"0f{ zAb ;dfj]z
7fp“ cg';f/ yfdL hfltsf] efiffsf] njhx? klg km/s—
x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] To;sf] Psdfq / clGtd lhDdf d]/} xf]
km/s kfOG5g\ . h:t,} cfk;df ;Ldf hfl]8PsF ] ePtfklg bfn] vf
eg/] dn} ] :jLsfgk{} 5 { . ;j] f afg–kfnL .
/ l;Gwk' fNrfs] s} yfdLx?df klg eflifs Ps?ktf kfO“bg} .

h]xf];, zAbsf]z bf]nvf lhNnfsf] ;':kf Ifdfjlt ufp“ ljsf;
dfs{ 6/' Lg
;ldltsf yfdLx?sf ] efiffzn} Ldf s]lGbt| 5 . To;}n] cGo 7fps“ f
kma] c'| /L @))$
yfdLx?n] af]Ng] efiff;“u of] gldNbf] klg x'g ;Snf . o; afx]s

11 12
s'g} zAb Pj+ k/Dk/fut cy{x?df tyF 5kfO k|lqmofsf]
l;nl;nfdf uNtL xg' uPsF ] ePdf klg Ifdf rfxG5' . yfdL
hfltsf ] efiff—;+:sl[tsf ] af/d] f tkfOn{ ] b]Vg ' / a'emg\ ' ePsf
s/' fx? Pj + kl|tlqmofsf nflu kqfrf/ ugx{' fn] f .

wGojfb .

jL/ axfb/' …lnn]Ú yfdL
;':kf Ifdfjlt uf=lj=;=
j8f g=+ % kmf;n] Ë'
bfn] vf lhNnf
hgsk'/ c~rn

13