Neonatal Respiratory Disorders, 2Ed PDF
Preview Neonatal Respiratory Disorders, 2Ed
Neonatal respiratory disorders This page intentionally left blank Neonatal respiratory disorders Second edition Edited by Anne Greenough MD, FRCP, DCH Professor ofClinical Respiratory Physiology and Honorary Consultant Paediatrician King’s College School ofMedicine and Dentistry London, UK Anthony D Milner MD, FRCP, DCH Professor ofNeonatology Department ofChild Health United Medical and Dental School ofGuy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals London, UK A member ofthe Hodder Headline Group LONDON First published in Great Britain in 2003 by Arnold, a member ofthe Hodder Headline Group, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH http://www.arnoldpublishers.com Distributed in the United States ofAmerica by Oxford University Press Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY10016 Oxford is a registered trademark ofOxford University Press © 2003 Arnold All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Whilst the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date ofgoing to press, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In particular (but without limiting the generality ofthe preceding disclaimer) every effort has been made to check drug dosages; however it is still possible that errors have been missed. Furthermore, dosage schedules are constantly being revised and new side-effects recognized. For these reasons the reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions before administering any ofthe drugs recommended in this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library ofCongress ISBN 0 340 80813 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Commissioning Editor: Joanna Koster Development Editor: Sarah Burrows Project Editor: Anke Ueberberg Production Controller: Deborah Smith Cover Design: Stewart Larking Typeset in 10/12 Minion by Charon Tec Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in Italy What do you think about this book? Or any other Arnold title? Please send your comments to [email protected] To our very much loved daughter Antonia,for her unfailing good humor and patience while Mummy and Daddy ‘wrote the book’. This page intentionally left blank Contents List ofcontributors xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xiv List ofabbreviations xv PART 1 DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1 1 Fetal and postnatal anatomical lung development 3 Alison A Hislop 2 Surfactant 12 Bengt Robertson and Jan Johansson 3 Lung liquid 26 Dafydd V Walters 4 Control ofbreathing 37 Anthony D Milner, Hugo Lagercrantz and Ronny Wickstrom 5 Development ofthe immune system 50 Susan Leech 6 Adaptation at birth 59 Anthony D Milner PART 2 ANTENATAL AND POSTNATAL INVESTIGATION 67 7 Clinical assessment 69 Anne Greenough, with contributions from NRC Roberton 8 Microbiology 72 Amanda Fife 9 Immunology 77 Susan Leech 10 Histopathology 83 DI Rushton, with contributions from S Gould 11A Antenatal imaging and therapy 92 Kypros H Nicolaides, with contributions by AnneGreenough 11B Neonatal imaging 99 John Karani 12 Neonatal bronchoscopy 106 Jacques de Blic viii Contents 13 Measurement oflung function 112 Anthony D Milner and Gerrard F Rafferty PART 3 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE NEONATE WITH RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS 131 14 Resuscitation at birth 133 Anthony D Milner 15 Respiratory support 149 Anne Greenough, including ‘Proportional Assist Ventilation’ by Andreas Schulze and ‘Liquid Ventilation’ by Thomas H Shaffer and Marla R Wolfson 16A Intensive care 205 Neena Modi 16B Feeding 216 Sean P Devane 17 Monitoring 224 Andrew Lyon and Ben Stenson 18 Physiotherapy 236 Annette Parker and Anne Greenough PART 4 NEONATAL RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS 245 19 Respiratory distress syndrome 247 Henry L Halliday 20 Transient tachypnea ofthe newborn (TTN) 272 Anne Greenough 21 Pneumonia 278 Peter RF Dear, with contributions from Amanda Fife 22 Air leaks 311 Anne Greenough 23 Aspiration syndromes 334 Thomas E Wiswell and Pinchi Srinivasan, with contributions by NRC Roberton 24 Pleural effusions 355 Anne Greenough 25 Pulmonary hemorrhage 365 Grenville F Fox 26 Persistent pulmonary hypertension ofthe newborn 373 Steven H Abman and John P Kinsella 27 Respiratory presentation ofcardiac disease 387 Edward Baker 28 Acute respiratory distress syndrome 396 Anne Greenough 29 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 399 Ilene RS Sosenko and Eduardo Bancalari, with contributions from Anne Greenough 30 Apnea and bradycardia ofprematurity 423 Jalal M Abu-Shaweesh, Terry M Baird and Richard J Martin 31 Neonatal upper airway obstruction 437 David Albert Contents ix 32 Pulmonary agenesis and hypoplasia 449 Anne Greenough 33 Abnormalities oflung development 463 Anne Greenough and Mark Davenport 34 Abnormalities ofthe diaphragm 486 Anne Greenough and Mark Davenport 35 Abnormalities ofthe skeleton 505 Anne Greenough 36 Respiratory problems ofinfants with neurological disease 519 Janet M Rennie APPENDICES 529 Appendix 1 Normal data for lung function in term infants during the neonatal period 531 Simon Hannam Appendix 2 Normal blood gas values 532 Simon Hannam Appendix 3 Pharmacopeia 533 Simon Hannam Index 539
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