Nematode Pest Management An Appraisal of Eco-friendly Approaches

299 Pages·2013·12.89 MB·English

Nematode Pest Management
An Appraisal of Eco-friendly
Approaches
Editors
Gopal Swarup
n.R.
Dasgupta
J.S. Gill
NEMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA
New Delhi
© Nematological Society of India March, 1995
Division of Nematology
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi-l 10012
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or tral1smittcd by any means electrical, mcchanical or otherwise without first
seeking the wlitten pennission from the society.
Printed at: Yugantar Press, WH-23, Mayapuri, New Delhi-ll0064. (Phone: [phone])
FOREWORD
Nematodes are important group of plant pests and their effective management is an
essential component ofa ny crop improvement programme. Chemical control of nematodes
is neither sustainable nor economically viable. TIlerefore, the theme of the book "An
Appraisal of Nematode Management with Eco-friendly Appl'oaches and Bio
components;' is illl ideal subj ect in the present day environmentally conscious agriculture.
TIle book covers the management ofn ematode problems in different crops cultivated
in India, TIle book attempts to bring together, the large data generated by research workers
allover the country, I am sure that this book will be usefill and i11fon11ati ve not only to the
scientists but also to students involved in nematological investigations,
I offer my felicitations to the Nematological Society of India on the eve of its Silver
Jubilee Celebrations and also for publishing this valuable book.
(R.S. Paroda)
Director General
March, 1995 Indian Council ofA gricu ltural Research
( iii )
PREFACE
The fonnation of the Nematological Society ofIndia, in 1969 led to an upsurge in
the researchcs on plant parasitic nematbdes of the country As with all the other
developing sciences, the initial efforts were confined to identification of nematode
problems, establishmentofpathogcllicity and also management, mainly with the application
of chemicals. A lot ofi nformation was generated and the editors made an attempt to bring
this all together in 1986 underthe title 'Plant Parasitic Nematodes ofIndia-Problems and
Progress' with contributed ruticles from specialists ofthe country. During the last decade,
a general shift in the management approaches started taking place, especially after the
Bhopal gas tragely. It is being realised that although we canllot totall y dispense away with
the use of chemicals, still the need of the hour is to evaluate altemate eeo-friendly
management pratices which may alleviate the problems of the fanners. We are happy to
state tha11.he nematologists oft he country took up this challenge and have made signiflcnt
contributions in this direction. On the occasion ofthe Silver Jubilee oft he Society, it was
felt that the specialists of the country-especially the younger scientists-should join in
this venture with their contributions which will benefit not only the new generation of
scientists but also the otherplantprotection scientists-to develop eeo-friendlymanagement
practices.
We are very thankful for the willing and prompt response from the contributors for
their ideas and suggestions.
The book has been divided in three sections, separating out the basic approaches and
the practices followed in diseases of different crops. Hopefhlly this will help the readers
in organising their researches. -:OJ
Although, an attempt was made in the earlier book to incorporate a chapter on
development of nematology in India, there has not been any effort to document the
progress of the Nematological Society of India. Therefore, it was considered veIY
approp11ate to request the senior nematologist of the country to organise a chapter on the
Society history which may fonn the base for future reference. We are very thankful for
his co-operation in the matter.
We are very appreciative for the whole hearted support of the staff of the Division
of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, especially assistance
of Anil Sirohi, H.K. Sharma, Pankaj, Gautam Chawla, Archana Mittal and Anju Kamra,
in the preparation of this book.
Gopal Swamp
D.R. Dasgupta
March, 1995 J.S.GiII
(v)
CONTENTS
Page
I. Reflections
1. History of the Nematological Society of India -A.R. Seshadri 1
H. Management Approaches
2. Plant Parasitic Nematode Management: Physiological and 12
Molecular Approaches -D.R. Dasgupta, A.K. Ganguly,
Anil Sirohi, Panka} and Rqjgopal Raman
3. Some Ecological Considerations in Integrated 28
Nematode Management -H.S Gaur
4. Regulatory Measures in the Management of Nematodes 37
-VK. Mathur and R.S. Rana
5. Nematode Management in Relation to Cropping Systems -MM Haque 44
6.'~ Fungi for Biological Control of Plant 50
Parasitic Nematodes -B.K. Goswami and Uma Rao
7. Mycorrhiza in Management of Phytonematodes 57
-D.C. Gupta and JJ. Pantthi
8. Predatory Nematodes~Our Natural Allies in Nematode 63
Pest Management -M Shamim Jaira}puri
9. Fungus-Nematode Disease Complex -M Wqjid Khan and 70
Mujeebur Rehman Khan
10. Nematode-Bacteria Complexes and their 79
Management -Sartqj, A. Tiyagi and M Mashkoor A lam
11. Bacterial Antagonists of Nematodes ---sc. Dhawan andAnju Kamra 88
12. Nematode-Virus Interactions and their Management -M Mashkoor A lam 98
13. Soil Amendments in Nematode Management -S.D. Mishra and 106
Vijayalakshmi Mojumdar
14. Role of Biosystematics in Nematode Management -M Saha 115
III. Nematode Problems in CrollS and Management
15. Nematode Problems in Wheat -B.N Mathur and MR. Dalal 120
16. Nematode Diseases of Wheal and their Distribution in India -K.K. Kaushal 129
(vii)
17. Ncmatode Problems in Maize -A.N Srivastava, 134
R.K. Walia & Hanuman Singh
18. Nematode Problcms of Rice Crop in India
I : Ricc root Nematode -Indeljit Singh and R.K. .Jain 140
19. Nematode Problems of Rice Crop ill India
II : Rice Cyst Nematode and White-tip Nematode -K. John Kuriyan lSI
20. Nematode Problcms of Rice Crop in India
III : Stem Nematode and Riee Root-Knot Nematode -P.N. Phukan 156
-sn.
21. Nematode Problems of Pulses in India Sharma and K. S. Varaprasad 161
__.f2. Nematode Problems of Vegetable Crops in India -1.S. Gill and R.K. .lain 166
23. Nematode Problems of Potato -K.S Krishna Prasad 179
24. Nematodc Problems of Coconut and Arecanut 186
-P.K. Koshy and Rachel Samuel
25. Management of Nematodes ill Sugarcane 192
Restrospect-Prospect -Usha K Mehta
26. Nematode Problems of Coffee -A C. Kumar 201
27. Nematode Problems in Citrus -P.P.S Baghel 203
-c.
28. Nematode Problems of Jute and Allied Fibre crops Mishra 211
29. Nematode Problems in Forage crops -R.K Jain andN. Hasan 217
30. Nematode Problems in Tobacco -Ss. Hussaini 228
31. Nematode Problems of Banana in India 233
-K. Krishnappa and B.MR. Reddy
32. Nematode Problems in Co [[on -Sivagami Vadivelu 239
33. Nematode Problems of Ornamental Plants in India 244
-Po Parvatha Reddy and M Nagesh
34. Nematode Problems in Betelvine -S.Ray 252
35. Nematode Problems of Spices and 263
Condiments -K. V. Ramana and s..J. Eapen
36. Nematode Problems in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants --R. V Singh 271
37. Role of Nematodes in Forest 276
Management -Sudershan Ganguly and .l.S Gill
38. Nematode Population Dynamics and 285
Modelling -ML. Chawla and Archana Mittal
39. Subject Index 297
(viii)
I I
Chapter 1
HISTORY OF THE NEMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
INDIA
A.R. SESHADRI
Fonnerly De,in and Joint Diret.:tor (Education), Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Ncw Delhi - 110 012.
TIle Silver Jubilee oft he Nematological Provinces. Seshadri (1986) has briefly
Society of India (NSI) is an appropriate reviewed the historical aspects oft he growth
occasion to recall the events leading to the and development of nematology in India
founding of the Society, its growth and till the mid-1980's.
achievements during the past 25 years.
The 1960's saw increasing interest in
The need for a professional society to nematological research in the country with
promote the cause of nematology in India more and more scientists getting involved
arose only after the pioneering work carried full time in this area of crop protection. This
out in the earlier years led to the recognition was partly because a number of scientists
of the importance of plant-parasitic had the benefit, during the late 50's to early
nematodes as limiting factors in agricultural . 70's, ofg etting trained in nemato logy abroad
production. or within the country through doctoral
programmes or ShOlt courses. Several young
Pioneering work on plant nematodes in workers participated in the International
India Nematology Course organised at the hldian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New
The first ever report of plant parasitic Delhi in 1964 with support from the FAO
nematodes in this country, root-knot and the Rockefeller Foundation, under the
nematodes infesting tea, was made in 1901 guidance and supervision ofP rof. D.J. Raski
by C.A. Barber who may be considered as from USA, Dr. F.G.W. Jones and Dr. J.B.
the first nematologist of India. E.J. Butler Goodey from U.K. and a number of senior
reported root-knot nematodes on black . nematologists from hldia. Later, starting
pepper in Kerala in 1906 and 'Ufra' disease from 1967-68 a series of 'South-East Asia
of rice caused by Ditylenchus angustus in Nematology Courses' of three months
Bengal\in 1913. Ayyar published several duraLion jointly organised by the Aligarh
reports on the incidence of root-knot Muslim University, Aligarh und the IAR!,
nematode diseases of vegetables and other New Delhi with support from the
crops in South India during the period 1926- International Agricultural Centre,
1934. Almost at the same time, in 1936 Wagenillgen, enabled many 1110re young
Dastur reported the occurrence ofthe white workers to get trained in nematology. The
tip nematode of rice from the then Central late Dr.M.Oostellbrink and Olle or two of
his junior colleagues assisted in conducting the result of team work in various
these courses. institutions, however, it would be
appropriate on this occasion to remember
Among the several important thelate S.K.Prasad, K.K. NitUla, V.M. Das,
developments that led to the expansion of K.c. Sanwal, S. IsrarHussain, H.M. Shaw
the science of nematology in India are (i) and K.G.H. Setty who are no longer with us
the ploneering work in nematode survey for thc:i r signi ficant contri butions to Indian
and taxonomy by the workers at Aligarh, nematology during their times.
Hyderabad and New Delhi, (ii) ever
increasing reports of nematode damage to a Genesis of the Society
variety of crops like root-knot nematodes
on vegetable crops, Heterodera avenae on Informal discussions held among
wheat and barley, Rotylenchulus ren?/ormis colleagues and particip.mts during the
on castor, vegetable crops, pulses, International Nematology Course
grapevine; Tylenchulus semipenefrans on conducted at New Delhi in 1964 and
citrus, Hirschmanniella oryzae on rice, subsequently during the first South-East
Radopho[us simi lis on coconut and banana Asia Nematology Course jointly organised
etc.,(iii) the discovery of Globodera at New Delhi cUld Aligarh in 1967-68 had
rostochiensis on pot.ato in the Nilgiris, (iv) confirmed that there was complete
the increasing realisation by Indian Council unanimity on the urgent need to establish a
of Agricultural Rescarch (ICAR) on the forum for dissemination and exchange of
role of nematodes in limiting agricultural information pertaining to nematological
production and the generous financial research. At about the same time in 1966-
suppartextended fornematological research 67 a full-fledged Division of Nematology
from time to time, (v) the establishment of had come into being at IARI,which then
full-fledgcd departments or sections of took up the responsibility to initiate action
nematology at the IARI initially and latcr in for fannation of the Society.
many other central research institutes and
agricultural universities, (vi) availability of In August 1969, the Division of
more trained manpowerto assume teaching Nematology, JARI organised the First All
and research positions due to starting of India Nematology Symposium, taking
post-graduate teaching and research advantage at t.he same time of the
programmes in nematology leading to the opportunity to get the NSI also started. In
award ofM.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees by JARI, fact, the symposium and the NSI were
SOme agricultural universities and other simultaneously inaugurated 011 August 21,
institutions; (vii) practical demonstrations 1969 by Dr. B.P. Pal, Director General,
in fanners' fields of increased yields in ICAR under the chaimuillship of Dr.M.S.
many crops due to nematode control and SwanlinadlUn, Director, JARI. The first
(viii) founding of the NSI in 1969 and General Body (GB) meeting oft he Society
publication of the Indian Journal of was held later in the day under the
Nematology (lIN) from 1971. Most of the distinguished chaimtanship of the senior
achievements highlighted above are indeed most nematologist Prof. Abrar M. Khan of
2
the Aligarh Muslim University. Among the secret ballot whenever necessary as per
70 nematologists who participated in this . provisions in the constitution ofthe Society.
meeting was Prof. D.J. Raski of the The fi rstevcrmeeting the Executive Council
University of California, Davis, California, washeldonAugllst22,1969whendecisions
USA, an ardent friend and well~wisher of to initiate action on (i) the preparation of a
Indian Nematology, who happened to be draft constitution ofthe society, and (ii) the
with us at IARI under a UNDP project at pUblication ofthej oumal were taken. Details
that time. Prof. Raski's guidance and wise of the various executives councils of the
counsel have been invaluable in the NSI which have functioned so far and their
fonnative years of the Society. composition are listed in Annexure I.
[Vlembership of the Society The Executive Council is the primary
administrative body vested with wide
Initially 124 nematologists including powers to carry on the affairs oft he Society,
students were enrolled as charter mem bers especially to oversee and 111onitor the
of the Society. Later, subscribers were implementation oft he various decisions of
enrolled when the Society started the General Body, to consider important
publishing its journal. A list of the charter issues and problems brought before it, and
members was published in the Indian Journal take decisions consistent with the provisions
of Nematology, Vol.l(l), 1971,pp.vi-xvii. in the constitution and subjectto ratifiction
S tudentmembers (Associate mem bers )fOIm by the GB wherever 11 ;cessary, to take
a new category who pay only 50% of the initiatives to improve the fUllctioning oft he
fees charged from regularmembers, statting Soci ety , so as to fulfi I its objectives in eluding
from 1993. convening of scientific meetings and
symposia, promoting publications of
List ofv alid members are being updated
nematological interest besides the society's
and published by the Society from time to
journal etc.
time: Presently the total membership oft he
Society is around 320 of which 188 are life The Constitution (Rules and Regulations)
members. The number of non-member of the Society
subscribers for the joumal is around 120.
The constitution ofthe NSI as approved
These numbers fluctuate from time to time
at the first GB meeting held on August 21,
depending on whether subscription have
1969 was published in the Indian JoumaJ of
been paid up-to-date or not.
Nematology, Vol. 1(1),1971, pp.i-v. Witll
Office-bearers of the Society the passage of time and the experience
gained in its working, tlle constitution had
The office bearers of the Society to be restructed and amended twice during
constituting the first Executi ve Council (EC) the past 25 years to take care of certain
were elected unanimously by voice-vote at practical problems and ensure the smooth
the first GB meeting held on August 21, functioning oft he Society. The first revision,
1969. Subsequent Ees were constituted based on proposals made by a duly
following election of the office-bearers by constituted committee (with Dr. A.R.
3
Seshadri as chairman and Drs. G. Swarup, v) The membership admission fcc
C.L. Sethi and D.R. Dasguptaas members) presently is RS.25 00 (U.S.$ 15.00 for
was approved at the GB meeting held at those overseas) and annual subscription
Udaipur on May 18, 1985. The second Rs.50 .00 (U.S.$ 35.00 for overseas
revision, also proposed by a committee members).
(with Dr. A.R. Seshadri as chairman, Drs.
G. Swamp, e.L. Sethi and lS. Gill as vi) Chief Editor will be elected by the
members of the EC instead of by the
members) was approved at the GB meeting
GB. TIle Editor and other mcmbers of
held at Hisar on August 5, 1993.
the Editorial Board will be nominated
On acumulativc basis, the main changes by the ChiefEditorin consultation with
or amendments made in the original the Ee.
constitution are highlighted below:
vii) The nlllctions of the various office
i) The revised version has 17 clauses as bearers of the Society arc now clearly
against 12 in the original constitution defined.
of 1969.
viii) The states/union territories included in
ii) The "permanent headquarters of the each of the six zones for purposes of
Society" located at the Division of election of councillors have been
Nematology, IARl, New Delhi and specified.
approved at Udaipur, has now been
changed to read as the registered office ix) No person shall hold the office of the
of the Society". Prcsident of the Society for a second
time. None of the other office bearers
iii) Besides ordinary members, eligibility
will be eligible for successive [tmns for
criteria and privileges of life members,
the same office.
fellows, Honorary fellows and Patrons
have been clearly defined. A new x) The fimmcial powers oft he Secretary is
category 'Student Member (Associate now raised to RS.500/-in each case (as
Member) on payment of only 50% of against Rs.IO/- in the original
the regular membership fee was constitution of 1969).
approved with effect from 1993.
xi) The quomm for the OB meeting has
iv) Enrollment as life member in future been fixed as one-tenth of the total
will be available only for those 'with
CUP'ent membership subject to a
five years continuous standing in the
minimum of30 members.
Society as a regular member and on
payment of 17 yeaTS regular xii) In case the General Secretary is unable
mem bership SUbscription. However, the to convene the meeting of the OB for
total number of life members at any any reason, the President can do so in
given stage is to be regulated as not to the interest of the smooth functioning
exceed 1/3rd of the total membership. of the Society.
4