Nelson Physics 12: College Preparation

603 Pages·0107.07 MB·English

by  Alan Hirsch

Nebon ;
College Preparati
Reviewers
Advisory Panel Accuracy Reviewer
Sarah Barrett Prof.John Earnshaw
Durham District School Board, ON Department ofPhysics
Trent University
GregBrucker
Simcoe County District School Board,ON
Safety Reviewers
GregDick
JimAgban
Waterloo Region District School Board,ON
STAO Safety Committee
Chris Howes
StellaHeenan
Durham District School Board, ON STAO Safety Committee
AlMoore
Greater Essex District School Board,ON
IgorNowikow
YorkRegion DistrictSchool Board, ON
RonRicci
Greater Essex District School Board, ON
DonnaRobinson
Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, ON
Charles Stewart
Toronto District School Board,ON
JimYoung
Limestone District School Board, ON
H[L
Ir CONTENTS
Chapter2: Machines 68
Getting Started 68
2.1 Simple Machines 70
2.2 Forces on Levers 78
2.3 Torque and Levers 81
2.4 MechanicalAdvantage and Efficiency 88
2.5 MechanicalAdvantage
and Efficiency ofMachines 97
2.6 Domesticand Industrial Machines 100
2.7 The Bicycle 105
Chapter2 Summary 108
fizu'nin ‘ . __ Chapter2 Self-Quiz 110
.:c.Me_chanioaIISystem§ Chapter2 Review 111
Unit 1 PerformanceTask 114
Unit 1 AreYou Ready?
Unit 1 Self—Quiz 116
Chapter 1: Motion and Forces
Unit 1 Review 118
Getting Started
1.1 Kinematics: The Study ofMotion
1.2 Activity:Calibrating a Ticker-TapeTimer
1.3 ConstantAcceleration andAcceleration
Due to Gravity 18
1.4 Forces and Free-Body Diagrams 26
1.5 Inertia and Newton’s First Law ofMotion 32
1.5 Investigation:What FactorsAffect
Acceleration? 38
1.7 Newton’s Second Law ofMotion and
Weight 4O
1.8 Newton’s Third Law ofMotion 46
1.9 Friction and the Coefficients ofFriction 52
$15?"t h, '.. L _ ,
1.10 Investigation:Measuring the
jflEne'ru yiTr‘alsformations
Coefficients ofFriction 56
1.11 Controlling Friction 58 Unit 2 Are You Ready? 124
Chapter 1 Summary 62
Chapter3: Energy and Energy
Chapter 1 Self-Quiz 65 Transformations 126
Chapter 1 Review 66 Getting Started 126
3.1 Energy Forms andTransformations 128
vi Contents “EL
3.2 Work 132
3.3 Comparing Springs 140
3.4 Gravitational Potential Energyand
Kinetic Energy 141
3.5 Energy in Springs 147
3.6 Thermal Energy and Heat 149
3.7 Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy
Resources 155
Chapter3 Summary 166
Chapter 3 Self-Quiz 168
Chapter 3 Review 169
Chapter4: Power and Efficiency , Unit 3
Geuing Started ‘72 Hydraulic and Pneumatic
4.1 Power 174 Systems
("2 Effidenq’ 173 Unit 3 Are You Ready? 216
4.3 DeterminingEfficiencies 139
4.4 Using Energy Efficiently 192 Chapter 5: Fluid Statics
4.5 Evaluating3 Getting Started 218
Renewable EnergyResource 198 5.1 Properties ofFluids 220
Chapter 4 Summary 200 5.2 Pressure 226
Chapter 4 Self-Quiz 202 5.3 Pressure in Liquids 237
Chapter 4 Review 203 5.4 Measuring Pressure 239
Unit 2 PerformanceTask 206 5'5 Pascal’s Prindple 247
Unit 2 Self-Quiz 208 5.6 Fluid Systems Two- and Three-Cylinder 253
Unit 2 Review 216 5.7 Fluid Systems 255
5.8 Workand Power in Fluid Systems 262
5.9 Design a Pneumatic Muscle 267
Chapter 5 Summary 269
Chapter 5 Self—Quiz 272
Chapter 5 Review 273
”H Contents vii
Chapter 6: Fluid Dynamics 7.5 TestingResistors 333
Getting Started 276 7.6 Series and Parallel Circuits 334
6.1 Laminar andTurbulent Flow 278 7.7 Resistors in Series and
Parallel 344
6.2 Streamlining 282
7.8 Electrical Safety 346
6.3 The Effects ofFast
Fluid Flow 288 7.9 Electrical Powerand Energy 351
6.4 Bernoulli’s Principle 291 7.10 Troubleshooting
Electric Faults 353
Chapter 6 Summary 297
Chapter7 Summary 360
Chapter 6 Self-Quiz 298
Chapter 7 Self-Quiz 363
Chapter 6 Review 299
Chapter 7 Review 364
Unit 3 PerformanceTask 302
Chapter 8: Electronics
Unit 3 Self-Quiz 304
Getting Started 366
Unit 3 Review 306
8.1 Semiconductors 368
8.2 Diodes 373
8.3 Using Diodes 379
8.4 Transistors 381
8.5 IdentifyingTransistor
Components 386
8.6 Capacitors 387
8.7 Chargingand Discharging
a Capacitor 391
j -'_.i::;r:..:..;.;;._.jg,L-r- - _ ' !
8.8 Analog and Digital Signals 393
8.9 Integrated Circuits 398
Chapter8 Summary 403
:{EUnitilf' Chapter8 Self-Quiz 405
Chapter8 Review 406
_;.'|3_1.-Electrici
Unit 4 PerformanceTask 408
Unit 4 AreYou Ready? 312
Unit 4 Self-Quiz 410
Chapter7: Current Electricity
Unit 4 Review 412
Getting Started 314
7.1 Electrical Circuits 316
7.2 Electric Current 319
7.3 Electric Potential Difference 324
7.4 Electric Resistance and Ohm’s Law 328
viii Contents “EL
10.3 Reflection ofElectromagneticWaves 497
10.4 Refraction and Total Internal Reflection 507
10.5 Investigation:Refraction andTotal
Internal Reflection 516
10.6 Communications and Electromagnetic
Waves 519
10.7 Investigation:Analyzing and Evaluating
a Communications Technology 530
Chapter 10 Summary 531
Chapter 10 Self-Quiz 533
Chapter 10 Review 534
Unit 5 PerformanceTask 536
Unit 5 Self-Quiz 538
Unit 5 Review 540
Unit 5 AreYou Ready? 418
Chapter9: Communication with Sound
Getting Started 420
9.1 Vibrations 422
9.2 The Pendulum 428
9.3 Pulses on a Spring 430
9.4 Waves 432
9.5 Interference ofPulses andWaves 439
9.6 Mechanical Resonanceand StandingWaves 444
9.7 ObservingWaves in Two
Dimensions 450
9.8 SoundWaves 454
9.9 TheQualityofMusical Sounds 464
9.10 Sound Communications Technology 470
Chapter9 Summary 476 AppendixA: Skills Handbook 546
Chapter9 Self-Quiz 479 AppendixB: SafetySkills 566
Chapter9 Review 480 AppendixC: Reference 572
Chapter 10: Communication with Light AppendixD:Answers 577
Getting Started 484 Glossary 582
10.1 Lightand Electromagnetic 1Waves 486 Index 590
10.2 Reflection ofLight 494 Credits 597
”EL Contents ix

Amechanical system can be as simple as the parts ofa nailclipper, or itcan
be more complex, like the parts ofyourarm needed to liftthis bookoffthe
deskor thepulleysystems usedbyrockclimbers. In this unit,youwill
review the principles ofmotion and forces and see how they apply to
mechanical systems.You will also design and perform investigationson
forces, friction, and machines, leading to the Unit PerformanceTask, in
whichyou will design andbuild amachinethatperforms a specific task.
The unit is divided into two chapters. The first chapter beginswith
a review ofmotion and then presents forces, with an emphasis on
friction. The second chapter applies the principles from Chapter I to
machines.
Whatyou learn aboutthe mechanical systemsyou examine in this unit
willbe useful asyou consideravarietyofcareers, such as theonedepicted.
Other possible careers tied closelyto specificparts ofthe unitwill be
highlighted in the unit.
{iL'—_L ._. r- ' ' " _.J_ .L1- .'-L_—_ H-[‘i‘-II
I' Overall Expectations
In this unit,you will beableto
- describe and applyconcepts related to motion. forces. Newton's lawsofmotion.
friction. simple machines. torques, and mechanical advantage
«r design and carryoutexperiments to investigate motion. forces. friction. and _ .
simple machines ..
. identifyand analyze applications offorces and simple machines in real-world
machines and the human body
- identifyand describescience- and technology-based careers related to
concepts presented in this chapter
p Unit 1 ARE YOU READY?
Mechanical
Systems
Knowledge and Understanding
1. CopyTable 1 intoyour notebook and complete it.The firstrowhasbeen
completed foryou.
I:' #fif-L
Table 1
b Prerequisites
Unit Fullname Quantity Vectororscalar
Concepts n1 metre length
distance,speed.average km '3 ?
speed
krm'h 'P ?
h vectorquantitiesversus
scalarquantlties mfs [E] ? ? ?
position.displacement. (kmcIs [W] 9 '9 ?
velocity.acceleration ml's2 [N] ? ? ?
machines,thelever. kg ? ? ?
mechanical advantage
pulleys,wheels. axles.gears ---__
.I— . Figure 1 shows the motion ofa caralongastraight road. The images are
inctlon fl—
l— taken every 1.0 5. Describe the motion ofthe carusingyourvocabulary
Skills l— ofmotion.
—
solveanequationwithone
start stop
unknown
— was; _.__w_%fi
the metricsystem. rnetnc
—
conversions. rounding eff r-
'F sketch and analyzedistance- Figure 1
tlmeand position-time
graphs 3. Adog runs along the path shown N
is.
drawsimplevectordiagrams in Figure2.starting atA and
worksafely In a laboratory followingthe direction ofthe
environment arrows. Thedog takes 16 s to
writelab reports for complete the circuit.
investigations
(a) State thecompass direction
the dog is following in each
part ofthe run.
(b) Calculate the total distance
travelled bythe dog.
(c) Calculate thedog’s average
speed.
(d) What is the dog’s net or total
displacement over the entirepath?
. Calculate the average acceleration ofa bus that accelerates from
15 kh [E] to 75 km/h [E] in 24 s.
. Canyou open a heavy door more easily ifyou push at the handle or
halfwaybetween the handle and the hinges?Why?
. Drawa sketch to showhowa pulleysystem can be used to raise a flag
to the top ofa pole.
. Howdoes friction help you walk?
Inquiry and Communication
8. Describeyour pen qualitatively and quantitatively.
9. (a) Describe the sources oferror you would encounterwhen measuring
the length ofthis page with a metre stick.
(b) Use a centimetre ruler to measure the length ofthis page,and
compare your value to the values found by otherstudents.
Math Skills
10. Useyour calculator to determine each answer, and then round offyour
answer to the correct number ofsignificant digits:
(:1) 12.0 +1.70
(b) 1.6 x 1.7
(c) 1.6 X106+ 8.9 >-<10-1
(d) the ratio ofcircle circumference 682 cm to its diameter 217 cm
(e) the ratio of95 km to 1.1 h
11. The motion ofthree cars, L, M.and N, is illustrated in the graph in
Figure3. Compare the times oftravel and the average speeds ofthe
threecars.
30- If
50.
m)
(
e 40-
c
n
a
st
Di
20-
Time (s) Figure3
. . . d
12. StartmgWith the equation v -- I’ solve for dand then solve for 1‘.
Technical Skills and Safety
13. Drawa sketch ofyour classroom, and label all the safetyequipment in
the room. Beside each piece ofequipment, state its function.
Making Connections
14. Suppose you are asked to test a newdesign For an artificial human arm.
Describe three tasks you think the arm should be able to perform.
Mechanical Systems 5
Hl-I