Neil D. Jespersen BARRON'S AP Chemistry Barron's Educational Series 2014 PDF
Preview Neil D. Jespersen BARRON'S AP Chemistry Barron's Educational Series 2014
Now Available! Go to barronsbooks.com/AP/chem/ to take a free sample AP Chemistry test, complete with answer explanations and automated scoring. *This online test was created for devices that support Adobe Flash Player. To access the test on an Apple iPad or iPhone you will need to install a web browser that supports Flash (check the iTunes App Store for free options). About the Author Neil D. Jespersen is an active member of the Department of Chemistry at St. John’s University (Queens, New York). He earned his B.S. degree with special attainments in chemistry at Washington and Lee University (Lexington, Virginia) and his Ph.D. at Pennsylvania State University (University Park, Pennsylvania). He specializes in analytical chemistry research and has mentored more than 100 undergraduate research students and 25 graduate students. Dr. Jespersen teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in instrumental analysis and quantitative chemical analysis. He also teaches general chemistry on a regular basis and coordinates the general chemistry laboratory program. Dr. Jespersen is a fellow of the American Chemical Society and currently serves as a councilor from the New York section. He is also the faculty advisor to the ACS Student Chapter at St. John’s University. © Copyright 2014, 2012, 2010, 2007 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. Previous editions © Copyright 2003, 1999, 1995 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., under the title How to Prepare for the AP Chemistry Advanced Placement Examination All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner. All inquiries should be addressed to: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. 250 Wireless Boulevard Hauppauge, New York 11788 www.barronseduc.com eISBN: 978-1-4380-9264-5 CONTENTS Barron’s Essential 5 Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Important Facts About the Advanced Placement Examination in Chemistry Test Content and Distribution Format of the Examination Chemical Calculations Calculator Policy Scoring of the Examination How to Use This Review Book Organizing Your Review What to Expect of the AP Chemistry Examination How to Maximize Your Score Final Preparations for the Exam Diagnostic Tests Diagnostic Test 1 Diagnostic Test 2 Diagnostic Test 3 PART ONE: STRUCTURE OF MATTER 1 Structure of the Atom A Review of Important Discoveries About the Atom Atomic Structure The Bohr Model of the Atom Electronic Configurations Practice Exercises 2 The Periodic Table The Modern Periodic Table Periodic Properties of the Elements Practice Exercises 3 Nuclear Chemistry Radioactivity Nuclear Reactions and Equations Natural Radioactive Isotopes Artificial Radioactive Isotopes—Transmutation Rate of Radioactive Decay Practice Exercises PART TWO: CHEMICAL BONDING 4 Ionic Compounds, Formulas, and Reactions Chemical Formulas Chemical Reactions and Equations Bonding Practice Exercises 5 Covalent Compounds, Formulas, and Structure Covalent Molecules Lewis Structures of Molecules Molecular Geometry Molecular Polarity Covalent Bond Formation Practice Exercises 6 Stoichiometry Conversion Calculations Using the Dimensional Analysis Method Chemical Equalities and Relationships The Conversion Sequence Percent Composition Empirical Formulas Molecular Formulas Other Stoichiometric Equations Practice Exercises PART THREE: STATES OF MATTER 7 Gases The Gas Laws Ideal Gas Law Standard Temperature and Pressure Molar Mass, Density, and Molar Volume Kinetic Molecular Theory Average Kinetic Energies and Velocities Real Gases Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Experiments Involving Gases Practice Exercises 8 Liquids and Solids Comparison of Liquids and Solids to Gases Intermolecular Forces Physical Properties of Liquids Solids Phase Changes Practice Exercises 9 Solutions Introduction and Definitions Solubility and the Solution Process Aqueous Solutions Concentrations of Solutions Effect of Temperature on Solubility Effect of Pressure on Solubility Practice Exercises PART FOUR: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 10 Chemical Equilibrium The Equilibrium Expression Manipulating the Equilibrium Expression Determining the Value of the Equilibrium Constant Using the Equilibrium Expression Equilibrium Calculations Special Equilibrium Constants Le Châtelier’s Principle Practice Exercises 11 Kinetics Reaction Rates Factors That Affect Reaction Rates Applications of Selected Rate Laws Theory of Reaction Rates Reaction Mechanisms Practice Exercises 12 Thermodynamics Essential Definitions Types of Energy Measurement of Energy First Law of Thermodynamics Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Gibbs Free-Energy, ΔG° Practice Exercises PART FIVE: CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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