"Negro" and "Black" to Include Persons of Native American Ancestry in

13 Pages·2017·0.67 MB·English

by  Jack D. Forbes

TheU seo ft heT erms" Negro"a nd" Black"
toI ncludPee rsonosf N ativeA mericanA ncestry
in" Anglo"N orthA merica
JackD . Forbes
In1 85t4h Cea lifoSrtnaiStaue p reCmoeu rsto ugthotb ar naolnl­
Caucasifarnosem q uacli tizeannsdhc iipvr iilg hTthsec. o usrtta ted:
The wo"rBdal ckm"a yi ncluadlNele groebsu,tt h tee r"mN e grod"o enso itn clude
alBlla ckp esron.s. W.e.a r eo ft heo pinitohnat th ew ord"sW hite",N"e gor,"
"Mulattao"n d" Blcakp esronw,h"e nevtehre y oicnco uucrro nstit.u.tmiu.os nt
bet akeinnt hegiern ersiecn s.e. t.ha tth ew ord"sB alckp esron,i"n t1h4teh
sectimouns tb et akeans c ontrdai stinguishWehdi tfear,no dmn ecessarily
incluadlerlsa ces otthhatenhr Ce aucasi!a n.
Asc onvoluatste hde q uotmea yb ei,t t endtsoe xpreas ss trong
tendenicnty h eh istoorfty h eU niteSdt atteosw,a rcdr eattiwnog
broacdl asosfep se opwlhei:t aen dn on-whciittei,az nednn o n-citizen
(osre mi-citizen).
Thet endentcocy r eaat tew o-cassotcei oefttyec nl ashweidtt hh e
realoifat t ye rriwthoircyih n clumdaendyd iffetryepnoetfsp eopolfe ,
alclo loarnsdd iffedreegnrteo efis n termioxfEt uurroep eAamne,r ican,
Africaannd,A sian. Native Americano fup nemoipxleed, whether
ancestroyr m ixedw itho thers tocksw,e rea tt imesa ffectebdy the
tendetnocc yr eaatp eu rewlhyi te-bsloacciskay ls teems,p eciwahlelny
livianwga yf roamr eservaotrti hoaenn cesthroamle land.2
Int heB ritsilsahcv oe lonoifNe osr tAhm eriaclao ntgh Aet lantic
coasmta,n yp ersoonfAs m ericaannc eswterryae tt imecsl assiafsi ed
blacnkesg,r omeusl,a ttoorpe eso,p olfce o loarn,dt hetseer mwse roef,
course,f ouprse eodp olfeA frican anTcheems atnrnye.ir nw hich
Americaanndsp art-Amerwiecrsaeon mse times calsa" smsuilfiaetd­
toeasn"d " peopolfce o lofrr"o Nme wE nglatnoSd o utCha rolainnda
int hSep anish Eamrpeeix rpel oerlesdhe ewr 3eT .h ep urpohseeri est o
illusthroawtt heet er"mn egrhoa"sa lsboe eanp pliteopd e opolfe
Americdaens cent.
ExploratiinEo tnhsn Sitcu diVeosl,7. ,N o.2( Jul1y9,8 4)
Thep ossibtihlaiNtta yt iAvmee ricwaenrsqe u ictoem monclayl led
"negroiesvs e"r myu chs upporbtyeP do rtuguuessaegD eu.r intgh e
colonpiearli Borda zilIinadni awnesr ree peatreedfleyr troea ds
negrooeras s" negrdoats e rr(a""N egroofte hsle a ndA" g)r.e maatn y
examplferso tmh es ixteeanntdlh a-tceern turairecesi tbeydG eorg
Friedeirnhi icasin alyosfPi osr tugsuoeusrec Tehse.sd eon ohta vteo
ber epeahteerdbe u,st u ffitcose a yt haittw ass oc ommotnh at finally
in1 75a5r oydaelc rheaedt ob ei ssuaesfd o llows:
Amongt hree grettparbalcet i.c.weh.si chha vree sulitnte hdde i sparageomfe nt
theI nidanson,e praibmues iest heu nujstifiabalneds candalporuasc toifc e
calltihnegmn e groePs.er hapbsys od ointgh ien tewnatsn oo thterha nt oi nduce
int hetmh bee litehfab ty t heir otrhieghyia ndbs e edne stitnoe db es ltahveoe fs
whiteassi ,sg eneraclolnyc etdoeb de thcea soefb lacfrkosm tchoea osftA fri.c.a .
Thed irecwtiolrnlso pte rmhietn cfoertthha atn ybomdayy r efteora nI ndiaansa
negron, or tthhaetty h emselmvaeys use thisa moenptgiht heemts elavsei ss,
currentthlceya se.
ThiPso rtuguuessaegi ese xtremseilgyn ifincoatn to,bn elcya use
Americoarpn a rt-Amesrliacvacenos u bledr efertroae s"d n egroiens "
earlsyh ipmernetc orbdusta lsboe cauistve e rmyu cha ffeocntes' s
analyosfpi osp ulasttiaotni isntc ioclso nBiraalz( iwlh eirnef ,a ctth,e
categoorfi" ense graon"d " mulatmtuos"t h aveo fteni ncluded
domesticoaret nesdl aIvneddi aannsdm ixed-bloods).
Insofaastr h et er"mn egrboe"c amsey nonymowuists hl avoer
a servsitlaet iutsl ,o satn ys pecicfoilcor ref ereanncdbe e camae
genertaelro mfa bus(dea rkpeero pplree fertrobi enc ga llperde taosa
resuIltti )sh. i ghlliyk etlhyat th eS paniaarldssro e fertrose lda ves
generaalsnl eyg rionst hCea ribbaenadtn h atth Deu tctho ookv etrh e
sameg eneral psriancncteeig creao,n dn egewre rneo tD utcwho rds
andh adn oi mmedieaqtuei vaelxecnetsp wta rdto,n kaenrd b ruiAn .
Dutch-Frenchd-iScptainoionsf1ah 6r 3yh9 a st hfeol lowienngt rfyo r
Spani"snhe gron"o:i rs,o mbroeb,s cuorfu,fs quber,u n( French),
swart, donck(eDru,t cbThrh)uu.is n, Spanishc o"unlbedeg ro"
translaast" edda rko"r" bro"w nasw elals " blac(ks"w arUtn)­.
doubtetdhliuyss agfea cilimtaaktiendrg e feretnoac lesl l avaess
"negrooers" "n egeirnst "h Deu tclha nguaMgoer.e ovietir ss, i gnifi­
cantth aat S paniarreds idiinAn ngt weirnpt hee arlsye venteenth­
centu(rtyhp er epaorfet rhd ei ctionsaarw"y n)e graosb" e intgr ans­
latienda n umbeorfw ayis nb otFhr enacnhd D utc4h .
Byt hlea ttero-fthhaseli fx teceenntthu trhEyen gliwsehrr ee ferring
tot hep eopolfeA friacsaE thiopiBalnasc,k amoNoergsr,o aensd,
Moorsso,m ewhiantt erchangeablgyr.a d"uNacelaglmryteo o b" e the
dominatnetr ems,p eciaafltleeyxr h ausctoinvteaw cittt hh Sep anish
12
andt hPeo rtuguWehsaeti.s 5 ncoltei astr h eex tetnowt h icthh tee rm
"negrwoa"sc onsciotursalnys laas"t beldka .cT"h ea utomaatsisco ci­
atioonf" negrwoi"t "hb laccko"l coarn nobtea ssumseidn cmea y
"BlacAkfr"i caanrsae c tuaolfml eyd iuomrd arbkr owcno lor.
Ina nyc asea,n othaesrs ociagtriaodnu aalrloys aen,dt hawta s
between "annedg" rsol"a" vE ea.rllye gislcaotmimoonn ly rteof erred
"negarnod o thesrl aveosrt" o" negrmou,l atatnodI, n disalna ves."
Ovetrh yee ar"sn egraon"d" blacbko"tb he camsey nonymwoiutsh
enslavement.
In1 70a2n o bserwvreortt eh atth wee alotfhV irgicnoinas isotfe d
"slavoerns e groeBsy1. 8"0 V6i rgijnuidag reusl tehda atp erswohno
waso fa w hitaep pearawnacste ob ep resumferde e btuhtce a "sioenfa
persvoins iabplpye artiobn ego fthsel arvaec ieti, si ncumbuepnotn
himt om akeo uhti fsr eedoImn1. 8"1 S9o utCha roljiundag setsa ted
flatl"yT;h weo r'dn egrhoaessa fi' x emde ani(nsgl aves)."6
Whatth Een glimseha nbtyt htee r"mn egrwoh"e nt hefyi rbsetg an
tou sieit s n octl eaCre.r taiinwtla ysn, o tth esny nonymwoiutssh l ave
asa g remaatn yp ersosnocs l assiwfieerfder ebeo,t ihnE nglaanndd
inV irginDiiadi. tm eana nA fricaa" nb,l acpke"r soonra, n yd ark­
skinniendd ividualt?h teTe oridmsan yow ti deelmyp·l oyienBd r itain,
althoutghhew or"db laciksu" s etdo r efteorp eopolfve a riosuksi n
colofrrso aml olf S outh AtshieMai ,d dElaes tth, eWe st Inadnide s,
AfriMcoas.Nt a tiAvmee ricainfls i,v iinnBg r itain wtooudlbadey ,
regaradseb de i"nbgl aceks,p"e ciiatflhleayin rc eswterryne o ktn own.
"Negrwoa"s a lsuos eidn a generwaalyi nt heN ortAhm erican
colonSioemse. examples tihulesl ouefs " tnreagtraeon "d" blacaks"
appliteopd e opolfAe m ericaannc estry.
Ane xampflreo tmh Wee sItn diieses s peciialllluym inIant1 i7n6g4.
WilliYaomu nwga ss entto S tV.i nceansta parotf t heB ritish
occupatoifto hna its lanLdi.v ionngS tV.i ncewnetr aeb ou3t, 000
"BlaCchka raibfrse,en eogrr oeasb,o"uo tn eh undr"eRde Cdh araibs
orI ndianasn,ds" o me4 ,00F0r encahn dt hesilra vaecsc,o rdtion g
YoungT.h eB ritfiosuhn idtd iffictuocl otn ttrhoCela riabnsd w ars
werfeo ugwhitt thh emi n1 771-1a7n7da2 g aidnu ri1n7g9 5-1796.
Durintgh el attcerri sYiosu nwgr otaen e xtremely anti-Carib tract
desigtnope rdo vteh atth Cea risbhso ubledr emovferdo Smt V.i ncent;
thewye reev entudaelfleya atnedds ome5 ,00w0e rseh ippteoad n
islanneda trh ceo aosftH onduras.
Younwga sa nxiotuops r ovteh atth seo -ca"lBlleadc Cka"r iwbesr e
nottr uaeb origbiunte s inf ac"tNe grcoo loniFsrteNsee, g rooers ,
were
13
Negro usurTpheiwrsas s.i "m porttaohn itm b ecauhseew antetdo
showt hehya dn ob onafildaen d-riograh btosr igtiintalle .
Foro urp urpostehsie,n terepsotiianndtg m itbtyeY do unigst hat
thseo -ca"lBlleadc kosr" "Ne groewse"ro ec casioonfa"ltlayw annedy
mixecdo mplexiboenc"a uosfeA mericaannc esatnrdyt hatth eir
custompesr,s onnaalm esa,n dl anguawgeer teh osoeft hen ative
CaribSst.i flulr thYeoru,n ga dmitttehda tth ehya dr epeatedly
intermawrirtiAhem de ricwaonm enH.ec onsistreenftetlrotys h eams
"Negroenso,n"e theless.
Younagl sroe layage rde daeta olfh earsianyf ormaatbioount how
th"eB lacCka"r ihbasd o riginwahtiecdih,sw ithofuotu ndatfioorn
analyhseirsTe h.e i mportpaonitin tst hitsh:a atp eoptlheo roughly
Americianin d entciutlyt,ua rnedl, a nguawgeerc ea ll"ebdl acakn"d
"negrsoo"l ebleyc auosfbe e Inmgi xewdi tAhfr icaann cestTrhyi.s?
tendenccoyn tiniunecsi,d enatmaolnlwgyh ,i tsec holwahrose, v en
todarye,f utsoae c cetphteC aribasv'o wefde elionf"g Isn dianness"
and conttiocn aultelh e"mB lac8k ."
In1 61s9o mtew en"tnye groweesr"be r ougthoVt i rginAitla e.a st
elevheanv nea meosfS paniosrph r obaSbplayn icshha racLtaetre.r
thewye rjeo inbey"d n egroaensd"" m ulattwoietsnh"a messu cahs
Anton(isoe vearnadlJ )o hPne drToh.e sSep anish-dseerrivvaendt s
couwledl hla vbee eonfp art-Amearnicceasnht orwye;v neore ,v idence
isa vailaebxlcee tphta tth ewye rlea rgesleyc urfreodm c aptured
Spanivsehs sels.
9
In1 676o neG owi"na,n I ndisaenr vanatc,q"u ihriefrsde edoimn
VirginTiwaod. e cades earlGioewre ,ncM ailhl"iealnd le gro," also
acquihriefrsde edoImtw. o uld aptpheatathr "e n egrwoa"sp robably
fathteotr h "eI ndiainnt" h icsa se.10
In1 670t hpeo pulaotfit ohnVe i rgicnoilao wnayss aitdob e4 0,000
includ2i,n0g"0 b0l asclka ves." Eivniddiecnatctheeat sth ecroe uld
noth avbee etnh at mAafrniyc ans atnhdea rles o thawte rtaeh ere
greamta nyA mericsalna voerss e rvanTthsut.sh teo toaf"l b lacks"
must hianvcel uadg eodo mda nyA mericans.ll
In1 698t hrfeueg it"inveeg roweesr"re e poritnNe odr tCha rolionfa ,
whomo new asa nA meric1a2Sn i.m ilaarl lioysf,t" eNg roeism"p orted
intVoi rgi1ni71a0-,1 7,b1 y8s eian cluadtle esa ssitx ty-"nIinndei ans,"
mostfrloym t hCea roliLniakse.w ilsieso,tf" s N e groebsr"o ugihntt o
NewY orfrko m1 715t o1 736i nclumdaen ys lavoefsp roba(bolre
statAemde)r icaannc esfrtormyC ampecJhaem,a icHao,n durtahse,
CaroliannadVs i,r ginia.13
14
Int h1e7 15-1p7e1r7it ohdVe e stBroyo okf K inWgi lliams Parish,
Virginrieac,o rodnsey ea"rR obiannI ndiaann"dt woy earlsa ter,
"Robain ne gr"1o I4.n a s imimlaanrn ear1 69l1i osf"t n egrsol"a viens
YorCko untVyi,r giniinac,l u"dKeast Ien diawnh"i lae1 72l8i osft
"Ne groeastt" h "eh omheo usoefa" V irginia ipncl laun"etIsen rd ian
Robi(nR"o biinn,c idenitsaa cl olmym,o nna mef osrl aveAsm eorfi ­
cana ncestIrn1y 7 )4.t8 h ewraes a na dvertisienNm eenwYt o rfko ar
"Negrmoa ns ervacnatl lReodb bianl,m oosftt hceo mplexoifao nn
Indi.an.t .a lks Egnogoldi csahnr, e aadn dw ritaen,dp layosnt he
fiddl1es.I "n1 72V3i rgiandioap tae lda wd eprivfirne"gen egroes,
mulattaonedsI ,n dianosfc" e rtabians icci vriilg hTthse.a ctw as
disallobwyeB dr itiosfhfi cibaultsi n1 73L5t .G overnGooro ch
defenidtbe dya sserttihnahgte w antetdom ake" ap erpetburaaln d
upofnr enee groaensdm ulattboyee sx cludtihnegfm r otmh agtr eat
priviolfaeF gree ema"Hn e.w antteodm aket h"efr enee groseesn sible
thaatd istinocutgihottnob em adeb etwetehne oifrf sprainndtg h e
descendoafna tnsE nglishmwaintw,hh omt henye vewre rteo b e
accounetqeuda" 1l6S. incteh ae catp pliteoNd a tiAvmee ricaannds
half-Amer(i"cmaunlsa ttoes")l,a ngGuooawcgoheu' lssde etmo i n­
cludetuhnedmet rhg ee nercaalt egoof"r fyr neeeg roaensdm ulattoes."
A welcocmlea rificoaftt eiromni nowlaospg ryo viidne1 d7 1b9y t he
governmoefSn otu tCha rolwihneain dt e cid".e d.a:.n d f oprr eventing
aldlo ubatnsd s cruptlheasmt a ya riwshea ot ughttob e[ taxoend ]
mustees, mueltacta.tl,sol ue cssh,l avaessa ren ote ntirely Indian
shablela ccounatsne edg roeT.h"es1 i7g nificoaftn hciaesc i tst haatl l
lateenru meratoif"o nnesg raon"d" Indisalna"v ienSs o utCha rolina
havteo b ea nalyzweidtth h teh ougihnmt i ntdh at m"anneyg roes"
werper obably onoe-thhafrelarfc toiroo fnA sm ericaannc estry.
NewJ ersweays a lsaon a rewah ere AmeraincdaA nfrsi cans
intermiwxietcdho nsidefrreaqbuleen Icny1 .73 4a na dvertisement
appeafroetrdh ree covoef"r Wya n( Ju an?H)e.i sh alflndainadhn a lf
negr.o.h;.e p laytshfi ed dlaen ds peagkoso Edn gliasnhdh icso untry
Indain.W"a n wasn ots pecificcaallllyae "dn egrob,u"ta 1747
advertisreemaednst:
Runawayo nt he2 0tho fS eptemblears frto,m Cohansiaev erlyu stnye grfoe llow
namedS ampsona,g eda bou5t3 y earsa,n dh ads omeI ndiabnl ooidn h im. .h.e
had with ahb iomya bou1t2 o r1 3y earosf a gen amedS am, was boofar nnI ndian
woman,a ndl ooklsi kaen I ndiaonn,l hyi sh ai.r. t.h ebyo tth alIkn diavne rwye ll,
andi ti sl iketlhye yh aved ressed themsientl vh�eIs n diadrne ssa ndg oneto
Carolina.
15
Similairnal 1 y7 7a8d vertisweemr eenatd :
Wass tolfreonm h erm othear n,e grgoi ralb,o u9t o r1 0y earosf agnea,m ed
Dianahhe,rm othern'asm ei sC ashw,a sm arriteoda nI nidann amedL ewis
Wollinse,as ri fxe ehti gha,b ou3t5 y earosfa geT.h eyh avae m alec hilwdi th
them, be3ta wned4ey ne arosfa geA.n yp erswohno t akeuspt hsea inde groaensd
Inidan. .s.ha hlalv teh e abroevwea r"d .
Fromt heseex amplweesc ans eet hapte opolfem ixeAdm erican­
Africaannc esctoruyl bdec all"ende groiensN "e wJ erseCyy.r us
Bustial Plh,i ladelbpahkie(ar" bl"a)cb korinn 1 73a2t B urlington,
NewJ ersemya,r riae Dde lawaIrned iwaonm anH.i ss onb ecamae
Quakearn da na nti-sllaevaedarenyrd w ask nowans "an eg"r1o9.
InC anadian1 74f7o u"rN egroaensda" " Pani(sA"m erisclaanv e)
escapfreodm M ontreAa Flr.e ncwhr itreerf ertrote hde sm impalsy
"negro"e2Is0n1. 75o9n eS aundearr su,n awsalya vwea,sd escriibne d
SoutCha rolaisna a" Negrmoa n. .o.ft h emu steber ee"dM .ustee
meant eEiutrhoepre an-AmoerrE iucraonp ean-Amefrriiccaann.-2A1
In1 77a5u thoriitnSi oeust h Carwoelrioenr ad erteoad p prehend
"JohSnw ana,r eporfrteeend e groorm estimzaon" .22
Int he1 780cse rtawihni tVei rginibaengsat no a gitaftoert he
terminaotfit hoenG ingasIknidni Raens ervaitniN oonr thampton
CountTyh.er eserwvaesd escriabsae nd" asylfuomfr r enee groes"
andi tw asa llegtehdatt h Aem eric"a. ns.h.av aet l engbtehc ome
nearelxyt intchte,br eei nagtt hitsi mneo tm orteh a3no r4 g enuine
Indiaatmn o s.t. th.pe l aicsaeh arboaunrdc onvenaiseynltuf moa rn
idlseeo tf f renee gro"eI sn1. 81i2tw asa rgutehda t
thep laciesn owi nhabibtyea ds m any blmaecnka sI nidan.s .t.heI nidan
womenh avmea ny of tmhaermr ibelda cmke na,n da m ajorpirtoy babolfty h,e
inhaibtanatrse bloarhc akvsbe l ack·bilnto hoed.m .th.re e aIlndian[sa rfee w].
Ther eserwvaesd ivid(eadl lotitn1e 8d1)a3 n db y1 83w2h itheasd
acquimroesdot fi tI.n1 82t8h Gei ngasdkeisnc endwaenrtdese scribed
asr espect"aNbelgerl oa ndown"e2r3s .
Thiesp isode roenmeoi fYn odusn g's autptotanhc Ceka riobfsS t.
Vinceinn1t 79 5a nda lsoofm orree ceanttt emtpota sl laontda cquire
Indialna ndAs .s imilaatrt atcoko pkl acuep ont heP amunkey­
Mattapion1n 8i4 (3w hifcahi laendda) g aintshNteo ttowfaryo1 m8 30
to1 87(8w hiscuhc ceedByet dh)1e.8 40astl eatswtoN ottoways were
registaes"r ferdne eeg ro"eT sh.eh eiorfos n fea miwleyr dee scriibne d
187a8s " alble innge groaensdv erpyo o"r2.4
Asidfer omV irgi,nw ihaerpee rsodness cenfdreodmf emale
Americiamnpso ratfteedar c ertdaaitne coobutladti hne friere dom,
alsll avoefAs m ericaannc esrtermya inselda vtehsr ougthhoeeunt t ire
16
duratoifso lna vuernyl etshsew ye reem ancipoartr aenad w ayA.tt he
endo ftheei ghteenth"-Bcoebna,tc uarryp enfteelrlo ofaw y ,e llowish
complexion, mustee,. h."ar. san abwuasyhH.ye w ahsa isrta oi d
spea"km orper optehra Nne groiengs e neral."25
Othepre rsoonfAs m ericaannc eswthroyw erfree ea lswoe rcea lled
"blacokr"" n egrPoau.l"C uffteh,ne o tehda lf-Amehrailcfa-nA,fr ican
merchawnatsc allaetvd a,r iotuism easnI, n di"aanb ,l ackmaann,d"
"thfirse aen de nlightened hAesf irgincpeaednt "i;t wiiotn"hsI ndian
men"a nd" allf reNee groaensdm ulattoeOst.h"e2r6 exaomfap les
siminlaatru arbeo und-aounteh worri ttehsa" t. .th.Se a mpsoannsd
Galleperso,p eorwtnye arnsd s chotoela chtehrosu,pg rhe dominantly
ofI ndibalno owde rlee adearmso ntgh fer eNee grooefPs e tersburg,
Virgiinni1 a8,6 0,27
Virgitnaixa- raonldcl esn sruesc orfdrsot mh 1e7 80tso1 85h0a ve
numeroeuxsa mplofep se opolfIen ditarni ibdaeln tbietiync gl assified
as" frepee opolfce o loorra" s " mulattionef sa,ct"th ,ep ractwiacse
almost unisvoemrwese aralel; s col assiafisFe .dN (.f rneeeg roora) s
"B"( blaicnkv )a rioruesc orIdnsc .e rtain c(osuuncathsi eSso uth­
amptoinn)1 830a,n di np artosfD elawavrier,t uaallfrlley e n on­
whitweesr cea tegorais"z FeN.d." althouegnhu merautneddet rh e
"frepee opolfec olor" coTlhuemslnei. s itnsc lupdeeodp olfet he
Nanticaonkdoe t hterr ibgarlo up8s .2
Undecre rtcaoinnd itpieornssoo nfAs f ricdaens cecnotub ledl egally
classiafisme edmb erosfa nI nditarni obrae s I ndiaInnas t .r eawtiyt h
thCer eeNka titohnce o mmissioofIn nedri an Anfoftaeiidnr1 s8 32:
..a.n Indwihaent,h oefrf uolrhl a lbfl oowdh,oh asaf emasllea lviev iwnigt hhi m
ash iwsi fies,t hhe eaodf faa mily eanntdi ttloae r de serva[toilfoa nn da]l s.o. .
frebel acwkhso h ave baedemni ttaesmd e mberosft heCr eeNka tioann,da re
regardaessd u cbhy t hter ibieft, h ehya vfea milairees enttiort elseedr vaotfi ons
land.
Int h1e8 60aslp le rsoonfAs f ricaannc eswthrohy a db eesnl avweesr e
grantebdy,t reactiyt,i zeinnst hhi"epfi vcei viltirziebdoe fsI "n dian
TerritTohregy e.n ertarle nhdo,w evwears,t oe nrotlhlme o rvei sibly
part-Afrpiecrasno anss" Freedmceint"i zaenndts o r estrtihceti r
tribsatla tWuhse.nl andwse rael lotitnte hd1e 8 80tsot heea r1l9y0 0s
mosstu cphe rsownesrn eo atl lowteoad s seArmte ricaannc esatnrdy
werteh,e refdoerneif,eu dt urrieg hats"s I ndians."29
DuritnhgSe e minowlaera sn ewt ersme emtsoh avbee ecno ined,
thaotf " Indian-NegOrnoese osu.r"cG ee,n erWaill eTyh ompson,
asseritn1e 8d3 t5h a"tt heayrd ee scenfrdoemdt hSee minoalnedas r,e
connecbtyec do nsanguiOntihtewyrr. i"t reerfse rtrote hde ma st he
17
"hostnielger oaensdm ulattionte hse S eminonlaet ioonrs" i mply,
"Indinaeng ro"e3Fs0e. ww hitwer itseerestm oh avceo ntintuheueds e
of" Indinaeng·r oH.o"w eveirnt, h Eeu chleaen guamgiex epde ople of
thatty pwee rree fertroae s"d G oshpi-"to cr"h Raelda-BlPaecokp" l13e .
InN ortCha rolmianan yp eopolfeL umbeIen diiadne ntwietrye
categoraitzt eidm,ea ss," negrs"o. eIn1 83C7h arlOexse ndionfe
RobesCoonu ntwya sp unishaes"d a f renee gr"oI .n1 84o2n eo ft he
Bravebfoaym iwlays c allae" dn egrwoh"i lien1 85a7C havewrass
chargaes"d a f repee rsoofnc olowri"t cha rryais nhgo tgHuenw .a s
notc onvicbteecda utsheea cts peci"ffirenedee groaensd"h ew as
chargaesda " frceoel or"Te hde.c ousrtt attehda "tF repee rsoonfs
colmoary b e. .p.er socnosl obryeI dn dibalno o.d.t .hie n dictment
cannboets ustai"n3e2d .
Ina s imilsairtu atsioomne, white men toofkrm o tahwea y guns
Pamunkepye opilneV irginiin1 a8 57T.h eg overnhoardt hem
returbnuetsd t at"eidaf:n yb ecomoen ef ourmtihx ewdi tthh nee gro
racteh etnh emya yb et reaatsef dr enee grooerms u latt(oVeisr"g inia
att hitsi mdee finea"d m ulatatsoo n"e -foourmr otrhAe f ric.a3n3)
InL ouisiian1n 8a5 t6h "eB laCcokd ew"a ss aitdor efteoor f fenses
involv"isnlga vIensd,i aannsdf, r epee rsoonfcs o l"o3rM4.a nyn arra­
tivoefse x-slarveecso,ri dnet dh1e 830rse,v eIanld iaannc estOrnye.
sucphe rsocna,l laenId n diawnas,U nclMeo blHeo psaonfV irginia.
Hes ay"se:ct o mtei mteu hm arrya"n dh em arriaeb dl acwko man.
"Datm akm eb lacakh,'' s po"s3eI5.n1 87a1w hitwer itoefMr a ryland
observed:
In[ Drochestceourn]at tyI nidaCnr eesko,m e tohfle a sItnd ianosf thpeei nnsula
strutchke wiirg wamtso wartdhsce l oosfe thec elnatsutar nydt, h eraer e nnoow
full-blaoboodreidg ionnt ehseE asterSnh orael,t houmgahn yo ft hef ree-born
negrosehso wI nidant races.'·
Quitceo mmonlhyo,w evesro,m eo ft he" free-nbeogrrno eosft" h e
EasteSrhno rceo ntintuoie dde ntainfdsy u rvaivsNe a tive PTehoep le.
whitoeftse tnr iteodd e ntyh eIinrd iannaesis n1s 8,5 6 wahm eanr ker
wase rectteocd o mmemoraa wtoem anw hoh adt estitfhiaettdh e
Nanticpoekoep olfeD elawahraedA fricaannc estTrhyeI. n dians
werree fertrooe ndt hmea rkaesr" arrogant tnheagatrs oseusmt eod
bew hatth ewye rneo t".37
Duritnhgee i ghteenthm-ocseptne trusrooynfm s i xerda cees,p ecially
iffr ewee,rc el assiafis"e mdu lattmouesst,eo erps e,r soonfcs o loTrh.e"
ter"mn egrwoa"sp erhalpessl si ketloby eu sefdo sru cphe opelxec,e pt
asn oteidnt heex amplaebso vTeh.i uss agceo ntiniunse odm set ates­
sucahst hCea roliannadVs i rginiai-nwtteohl neli neteenth-century.
18
Fore xamptlheej, u riosftS so utCha rolniontae idn1 85"2I:it s n ot
accordtiont gh eu seo fl anguaignte h irse gitoons peaokfo ne
altogebtlhaecarska p ersoofcn o loTrh.ep harsiesa lmoesxtc lusively
appltioeo dn oe fm ixebdl ooadn dc olorA. c"h3a8n tgoeo pkl aicnes uch
satteassI ndia(n1a8 1K7e)n,t uc(k1y8 5a2n)de, l sewh(e1r8e5- e0asr ly
1900asst) h tee r"mn egrcoa"m teo e ncompmaossspt e rsoonfps a rt­
Africadne scent. 39
Thicsh angmea yn oth avaef fecpteeodp olfes oleAlfyr icaannd
Americdaens ceenstp,e ciiaftl hleAy f ricaannc esptrreyd ominated.
Sincmea ny( bunto ta llN)a tiAvmee ricwaenrs"e b rowonr"d ark­
colowrietdh oAuftr icaannc estthreydi,er s cendwahnetnmsi xeodn ly
witAhf ricbalno owdo ulvde rlyi keblesy e eans " negrobeysm "o st
Europe(aenssp eciinNa olrltyAh m eriwchae rsep ectiearlmf sos ru ch
persons-assuZ cahm boG,r ifLoo,b oC,a fuso, CaandbC raab,o re
nevebre camceu rrent).40
TheU nitSetda tceesn saulss o tteone dxepda tnhdue s oef t htee rms
"blacokr"" n egrIon.1 "8 9"0b lacwkas"t ob eu sefdo arl ple rsons
havintgh ree-foourmr otrhe"s b labclko odI.n1" 9 1"0b lack" was
suppotsoeb dea pploineldty o" full-bnleogordoewedhs i"lt ehm ea tter
ofw how asa n Indwiaasln e tfto t heen umeraTthoetr e.r "mm ulatto"
was tob eu sefdo r" alolt hepre rsons havipnrgo psoormoteri on
percepttriaboclfeeN egrbol oodI.ti" sc erttahianlt a rnguem beorfs
Americaonrps a rt-Amerwiecracenl sa ssiafisne edg roorm ulatto
undetrh ersuel eFso.re xampolfet,hM ea ttapoonnlioy n ep erswoans
countaes"d I ndibaynt "h cee nsouusot f ar eservpaotpiuolna otfai to n
leafsotr ty peSrismoinlsat.rh lPey o,o sepaotfuL cokn gI snldah ad
onloyn ep erscoonu ntaes"d I ndiadno,u"b tlbeescsa utshere e swte re
enumeraatsne edg rooerms u lattoes.
The1 91c0e nscuosu nt"e2,d25 5n egrowehso"w erpea rt-Inadnida n
were enrollemde mbers of tribesA.n otherg roupo f 1,793t ribal
memberwesr oef m ixeEdu ropeAafnr,i caanndA mericaannc estry.
Thuso nlsyl ighmtolryte h a3n0, 00p ersownhsow erpea rt-African
werceo untweidt thh eI ndiapno pulataisco onm parweidt thh e
hundreodfts h ousawnhdosw erdeo ubtlceosusn taesd" negroor"
"mulatbteoc"a uosfel ivianwga yf roma fedaelrly-recognized
reservaatrieoan.
In1 93a0 p ersoofnm ixeIdn diaannd N egrbol oo".d .s.h lalb e
returansea d N egruon letshsIe n dibalno opdr edominaantdte hse
statausas n I ndiiasgn e neraalclcye pitnte hdce o mmunitByy1. 9"4 0
all African-hAymberriwidecsrat enob ec ountaes"d n egrouensl"e ss
theI ndiaannc est"vreyr dye finiptreeldyo minaantdeh sei sU nt-
19
verslalayc cep.te.ads.a nI ndi"a14n .
Even" pure-blIonoddi"ac nosu lbdec ountaesd" blackassi" n
Nevadian 1 88w0h ent hec ensuesnu meractaotre gorniizneedt y
memberosft heD uckwatSehro shoTnrei bient hamta nneIrn.t he
staotfeD elawamroerr ee cent dfeocuantddhe as"t i afp erssoani hde
wasa nI ndiahnew, a sr ecoradsee di thbelra cokrw hitdee pending
upohn isap peara"nT chee1. 98c0e nswuass s oa rrangtehdaa tn y
Americarni-cAafmni xed-bwlhoooc dh eckbeodt "hb la"c aknd
"Indiabno"x ewsa sc ountseodl eals"y b la"c k.
Ins ummariyts, e emcsl etahra mta nyp ersoonfNsa tiAvmee rican
ancestirnwy h,o loerp arhta,v bee eantt imecsl assiafis"e nde groes"
or" blac"kT sh.iiss a mattoefrc onsidesriagbnlie ficfaontrch ee
scholsaere kitnoug n dersttahnaedc tual eortr hanciica l iodfe ntity
non-hwi tpee rsoinnts h Neo rtAhm ericBarni tcioslho nainedis nt he
UnitSetda toevset rh cee nturies.
Earlsiteurd hiaevsse h owtnh sei gnificoaftnhcteee rm"sm ulatto,
mustesea,m bo( zamboa)n,dc oloreadsi, n"d icapteirnsgo onfs
Americ(aonpr o ssipbalret -Amerainccaens4)t 3Cro yl.lecttihveesley ,
studiseesr vteods howt hper obabiolfai mtuyc hg reatdeerg roefe
intermixtureA frbiectawnaesne dnN ativAem ericatnhsa nh as
hithebreteown i dealcyk nowledged.
Buto,fc ourismtei ,g hbtea rgutehda tth iis"s o lhda t," espteoc ially
peopilnte h Aef roamerciocmamnu niwthyoh avleo nbge eanw aroef
extensIinvdeia annc esatnrdwy h o haavtle e,a ssitn tcheCe i vWialr ,
self-consuctiioluitszhlteeye d r ms "noer"g brloa""c ( kanodf,c ourse,
"coloretdoe" n)c ompapseso polfem ixeNda tivAem ericaannd
Africdaens ceInntd.i vidsuuacalhss A nnP latPoa,u Clu ffCer,i spus
AttucHkisr,a Rme vealnsd,m anyo thehrasv leo nbge erne fertroae sd
"negroienss "p itoefh avinpge rhaaptsl easatsm uchN ative
AmericaasnA fricaannc estry-eavnewdnh enl iviinngI ndian
communitaiswe asst, h cea swei tAht tucaknsdC uffe.
Fromt hsec holaprelrys pectthi"evl eo,g iocfw" h itrea ci(swmh ich
hast endteodc lasspiefoypi lnev erayr bitrwaaryysi )sn eithtehre
logoifgc e netniocorsf b onafiedteh nicTihtemy i.x tuorfAe f ricaannd
Americdaonen so mta kaep ers"obnl acokr"" n egraon"y motrhea int
makeosn ea utomati"cIanldli"yaE nt.hnsicch olmaurssat v etrh aitt
isb otphe rnicainodud sa ngertoour se aidn ttoh ee videnacnedt, o
affifromer a rltiiemre tsh,ep ronounceomefan dtosm inasnotc ial
castTeh.e miyrt htsh,e pirre judaincdte hse,si yrs teomfcs l assification
andn omenclamtuusrtae l ble s ubjecttoce rdi tiacnadel m pirical
reevaluation.
20