Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes PDF
Preview Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes
Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes CommissioningEditor:RitaDemetriou-Swanwick DevelopmentEditor:AilsaLaing ProjectManager:BeulaChristopher Designer:CharlesGray IllustrationManager:BruceHogarth Illustrator:GraemeChambers Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes Evidence-informed screening, diagnosis and management Edited by Ce´sar Ferna´ndez de las Pen˜as, PT, DO, PhD Head, Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain Joshua A Cleland, PT, PhD Professor, Franklin Pierce University, Concord, New Hampshire Peter A Huijbregts, PT, MSc, MHSc, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT, FCAMT Assistant Professor, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, St. Augustine, Florida #2011ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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The Publisher's policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests PrintedinChina Preface Themostobviousreasonforproducingabookonneckandarmpainsyndromesisthefrequency withwhichthesecomplaintsoccur.ADutchgeneralpopulationstudynoted1-yearprevalencefor neck pain of 31.4% (Picavet & Schouten 2003). In that same study, 30.3% of people reported shoulder, 11.2% elbow, and 17.5% wrist or hand pain over the course of a year (Picavet & Schouten 2003). Radhakrishnan et al (1994) reported an annual incidence of cervical radicular symptoms of 83.2 per 100 000 in a US general population study. Closely related in a functional and anatomical sense and discussed in this text as often relevant to management of neck and arm pain, the reported 1-year prevalence for thoracic spine pain was found to range between 3.5–34.8% (Briggs et al 2009). Reported 1-year prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders ranged from 2.3–41% (Huisstede et al 2006). In 1992, in the province of Ontario in Canada,thesedisorders constituted up to24%oflost-time workers’compensation claims andin the US in 1989 the total workers’ compensation costs for such disorders was estimated at $563 million (Webster & Snook 1994, Polanyi et al 1997). More data on the epidemiology of neck andarmpainsyndromesisprovidedinChapter1andthepathology-specificchaptersthroughout thistextandunderlinestherelevanceofthistextbook. Morerelevanteventothereadersofthisbookarethosepeoplewithneckandarmpainthatgo on toseek outhealthcare servicesfor thediagnosis and management oftheir complaints. Inthe Netherlands, a family physician in an average-sized practice can expect to see 147 new cases of non-traumatic arm, neck, and shoulder complaints each year (Feleus et al 2008). At almost four times the incidence of consultations for wrist, hand/finger, or tennis elbow complaints, Bot et al (2005)reportedneckfollowedbyshouldersymptomsasthemostfrequentreasonforgeneralprac- ticevisitsforneckandupperextremitycomplaints.Boissonnault(1999)reportedonUSoutpatient physicaltherapyclinicsnotingthat16%ofpatientshadcervical,11%shoulder, and0.04%wrist andhand-relateddiagnoses.Occupationaltherapists,chiropractors,osteopaths,massagetherapists, and acupuncturists are other groups that will likely see patients with neck and arm pain in their clinical practice. In-depth knowledge and adequate skills with regard to screening, diagnosis, and management of these patients is relevant to these professionals, especially as direct-access increasinglybecomesthenorm. Thepractice paradigmwehavechosenfor thisbook istheevidence-informed paradigm.Ithas been more than 30 years since a group of clinical epidemiologists at McMaster University intro- duced the evidence-based practice paradigm to replace the traditional medical paradigm (Guyatt 2002).Thedefiningcharacteristicofthetraditionalparadigmwasthatthediagnosisandmanage- ment were guided mainly by a patho-physiologic rationale and by knowledge provided by respectedauthoritiesinthefield.Withitsemphasisonexpertopinion,thistraditionalmedicalpar- adigmhasbeencalledtheauthority-basedoralso,somewhattongue-in-cheek,theeminence-based medicineparadigm(Poolmanetal2007).However,theevidence-basedpracticeparadigmhasmet andcontinuestomeetwithconsiderableresistancefromtheclinicalfield.Itsearlydefinitionasthe ‘conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients’ (Sackett et al 1996), seemed to mirror the often-heard criticisms of over-relianceonresearchevidenceattheexpenseofclinicalexpertiseandexperienceanddisregard ofsocialcontext.Andalthoughevidence-basedpracticehasevolvedtowhereitnowadoptsamore vii Preface inclusive view of evidence (which recognizes not only the value of different research designs but alsoofclinicalexpertise,patientvaluesandpreferences,andevencontextualfactorsintheclinical decision-making process (Rycroft-Malone 2008)), the evidence-informed paradigm has been suggestedasmoreappropriate,inwhichthecliniciantakestheevidencefromresearchintoaccount whenmakingaclinicaldecisionwithregardtopatientmanagement,butwhereevidencedoesnot dictatethedecision(Bohart2005,Pencheon2005). Throughout this text, chapter authors integrate clinical experience and expertise and reasoning based on a pathophysiologic rationale with current best evidence, thereby in effect combining the best of the traditional and evidence-based paradigms in a new paradigm truly representative of what clinicians do in everyday clinical practice. We believe that this approach has made for a textbookthattrulyprovidespracticingclinicianswithwhattheyneedtoknowforreal-lifescreen- ing,diagnosisandmanagementofpatientswithneckandarmpainsyndromes. Spain,USA&Canada,2009 Ce´sarFerna´ndez-de-las-Pen˜as JoshuaACleland PeterAHuijbregts REFERENCES Bohart,A.,2005.Evidence-based arm,neckandshoulderin amongnewspaper psychotherapymeans generalpractice.Man.Ther. employees:Cross-sectional evidence-informed,not 13,426–433. surveyresults.Am.J.Ind. evidence-driven.J.Contemp. Guyatt,G.,2002.Preface.In: Med.32,620–628. Psychother.35,39–53. Guyatt,G.,Rennie,D.(Eds.), Poolman,R.W.,Petrisor,B.A., Boissonnault,W.G.,1999. User’sguidetothemedical Marti,R.K.,Kerkhoffs,G.M., Prevalenceofcomorbid literature:Amanualfor Zlowodzki,M.,Bhandari,M., conditions,surgeries,and evidence-basedclinical 2007.Misconceptionsabout medicationuseinaphysical practice.AMAPress,Chicago, practicingevidence-based therapyoutpatient pp.xiii–xvi. orthopaedicsurgery.Acta population:Amulticentered Huisstede,B.M.A.,Bierma- Orthop.Scand.78,2–11. study.J.Orthop.SportsPhys. Zeinstra,S.M.A.,Koes,B.W., Radhakrishnan,K.,Litchy,W.J., Ther.29,506–525. Verhaar,J.A.N.,2006. O’Fallon,W.M.,Kurland,L.T., Bot,S.D.M.,VanderWaal,J.M., Incidenceandprevalenceof 1994.Epidemiologyof Terwee,C.B.,etal.,2005. upper-extremity cervicalradiculopathy. Incidenceandprevalenceof musculoskeletaldisorders: Apopulation-basedstudy complaintsoftheneckand Acriticalappraisalofthe fromRochester,Minnesota, upperextremityingeneral literature.BMC 1976–1990.Brain practice.Ann.Rheumat.Dis. Musculoskelet.Disord.7,7. 117,325–335. 64,118–123. Pencheon,D.,2005.What’s Rycroft-Malone,J.,2008. Briggs,A.M.,Smith,A.J., nextforevidence-based Evidence-informedpractice: Straker,L.M.,Bragge,P.,2009. medicine?Evidence-Based Fromindividualtocontext. Thoracicspinepaininthe HealthCare&PublicHealth J.Nurs.Manag.16,404–408. generalpopulation: 9,319–321. Sackett,D.,Rosenberg,W.M.C., Prevalence,incidenceand Picavet,H.S.,Schouten,J.S., Gray,J.A.M.,Haynes,R.B., associatedfactorsinchildren, 2003.Musculoskeletalpainin Richardson,W.S.,1996. adolescentsandadults: theNetherlands:Prevalences, Evidencebasedmedicine: Asystematicreview.BMC consequencesandriskgroups, whatitisandwhatitisn’t.Br. Musculoskelet.Disord.10,77. theDMC(3)study.Pain Med.J.312,71–72. Feleus,A.,Bierma-Zeinstra,S.M., 102,167–178. Webster,B.S.,Snook,S.H.,1994. Miedema,H.S.,Bernsen,R.M., Polanyi,M.F.,Cole,D.C., Thecostofcompensable Verhaar,J.A.,Koes,B., Beaton,D.E.,etal.,1997. upperextremitycumulative 2008.Incidenceof Upperlimbwork-related traumadisorders.J.Occup. non-traumaticcomplaintsof musculoskeletaldisorders Med.36,713–717. viii In Memoriam Peter Huijbregts WearegreatlysaddenedbythesuddenlossofourclosefriendandcolleaguePeterHuijbregts,who passedawayonNovember6th2010.Thisisagreattragedyandaterriblelosstohisfamilyandfriends, the profession of physical therapy, and indeed to society in general. We are also saddened by the countlessindividualswhowillneverhaveachancetobepersonallyinfluencedbyhim.Peterwasone ofthoseindividualsyouneverforgotifyouwerefortunateenoughtohavehimcrossyourpath. WewereawareofPeter’ssubstantialcontributiontothephysicaltherapyprofessionwellbefore wehadanopportunitytomeetandworkwithhimpersonally.Wefirstbecamefriendsduringhis tenure as Editor for the Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy. Since that time he has had a hugeinfluenceonbothourprofessionallives.Wehavebeenfortunateenoughtoworkwithhim asco-editorsonthistextbook,aswellasonmanypeer-reviewedpublications. Peterwaswonderfullyarticulateandneveratalossforwords.Wecanrecallnumerouslateeve- ningsspentatnationalconferencesenjoyingconversationswithPeter,whowouldfrequentlymen- tion his love for his wife Rap, and his two children, Arun Joseph and Annika Dani. Peter had a terrificpassionforbothhispersonalandhisprofessionallife. Hewasalwaysupfordiscussingthehistoricaloriginsofmanualtherapyorthecurrentevidence supporting the effectiveness of interventions. We will never forget his sense of humour – many timesPeterentertainedtheroomwithhiswitandcomedy. Peterhashadaremarkableinfluenceonmanyprofessionalswhohavebeenfortunateenoughto encounterhim.Hispassingwillleaveahugevoidinthemanualtherapycommunityaroundtheworld. Peterwastrulyagreatgentleman,awisescholarandaninspiringman. Wewillmisshimgreatly. Ce´sarandJosh ix Contributors HilmirAgustsson,MHSc,DPT,MTC,CFC DouglasSCreighton,PT,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT AssistantProfessor AssistantProfessor LeadCourseWriter OaklandUniversity UniversityofSt.Augustine Rochester,Michigan St.Augustine,Florida StevenCAllen,PT,MSc,OCS,FAAOMPT ArthurdeGast,MD,PhD Orthopedicsurgeon ClinicDirector HeadClinicalOrthopedicResearchCentermidden-Nederland LibertyLakePhysicalTherapy DepartmentofOrthopedics TherapeuticAssociates,Inc. DiakonessenhuisUtrecht/ZeistDoorn LibertyLake,Washington TheNetherlands LarsArendt-Nielsen,Dr.Med.Sci.,PhD,FRSM Professor BryanSDennison,PT,DPT,MPT,OCS,CSCS,FAAOMPT CenterforSensory-MotorInteraction SummitPhysicalTherapy DepartmentofHealthScienceandTechnology MammothLakes,California AalborgUniversity AffiliateFaculty Aalborg,Denmark Rueckert-HartmanCollegeforHealthProfessions RegisUniversity CarelBron,PT,MT Denver,Colorado PhysicalTherapistandManualTherapist PrivatePracticeforPhysicalTherapyforNeck, ShoulderandArmDisorders AndrewDilley,BSc,PhD Groningen,TheNetherlands LecturerinAnatomy BrightonandSussexMedicalSchool JoshuaACleland,PT,PhD UniversityofSussex Professor Brighton,UK FranklinPierceUniversity Concord,NewHampshire JanDommerholt,PT,DPT,MPS,DAAPM BethesdaPhysiocare/MyopainSeminars AmyECook,PT,MS Bethesda,Maryland ContractPhysicalTherapist NorthCanton,Ohio WilliamEgan,PT,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT ChadECook,PT,PhD,MBA ClinicalAssistantProfessor ProfessorandChair DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy DivisionofPhysicalTherapy CollegeofHealthProfessions WalshUniversity TempleUniversity NorthCanton,Ohio Philadelphia,Pennsylvania xi Contributors Ce´sarFerna´ndezdelasPen˜as,PT,DO,PhD RubyGrewal,MD,MSc,FRCSC Head,DivisionofPhysicalTherapy AssistantProfessor DepartmentofPhysiotherapy DepartmentofSurgery FacultyofHealthSciences UniversityofWesternOntario UniversityReyJuanCarlos HandandUpperLimbCenter Madrid,Spain Ontario,Canada TimothyFlynn,PT,PhD,OCS,FAAOMPT WayneHing,PhD,MSc(Hons),ADP(OMT),DipMT, DistinguishedProfessor DipPhys,FNZCP RockyMountainUniversityofHealthProfessions AssociateProfessor Provo,Utah AucklandUniversityofTechnology Auckland,NewZealand JoLMFranssen,PT PhysicalTherapist PrivatePracticeforPhysicalTherapyforNeck, PeterAHuijbregts,PT,MSc,MHSc,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT, ShoulderandArmDisorders FCAMT[Deceased] Groningen,TheNetherlands AssistantProfessor UniversityofSt.AugustineforHealthSciences BJaneFreure,BSc(PT),MManipTher(AU),FCAMT, St.Augustine,Florida Dip.SportPT Physiotherapist AnaIsabel-de-la-Llave-Rinco´n,PT,MSc,PhD D3Physiotherapy ProfessorofPhysicalTherapy StJoseph’sHealthCare DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy Ontario,Canada OccupationalTherapy RehabilitationandPhysicalMedicineFacultyofHealthSciences GaryFryer,PhD,BSc(Osteopathy),ND UniversityofReyJuanCarlos SeniorLecturer Madrid,Spain OsteopathicMedicineUnit SchoolofBiomedicalandHealthSciences MarkAJones,BSc(Psych),CertPhysTher, VictoriaUniversity GradDipAdvManipTher,MAppSc Melbourne,Australia SeniorLecturer,ProgramDirector ResearchAssociateProfessor GraduateProgramsinMusculoskeletal A.T.StillResearchInstitute andSportsPhysiotherapy A.T.StillUniversityofHealthSciences SchoolofHealthSciences Kirksville,Missouri UniversityofSouthAustralia Adelaide,Australia Hong-YouGe,MD,PhD AssociateProfessor CenterforSensory–MotorInteraction FreddyMKaltenborn,PT,OMT,ATC,PhD(Hon) DepartmentofHealthScienceandTechnology Physicaltherapist,OrthopaedicManipulativetherapist,Athletic AalborgUniversity trainercertificate,Chiropractor,Osteopath Aalborg,Denmark Scheidegg,Germany PaulEGlynn,PT,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT TraudiBaldaufKaltenborn,PT,OMT SupervisorofStaffDevelopmentandClinicalResearch Physicaltherapist,Orthopaedicmanipulativetherapist Newton-WellesleyHospital Scheidegg,Germany NewtonLowerFalls,Massachusetts FounderandOwnerofPhysicalTherapyinCollaboration Sudbury,Massachusetts CarolKennedy,BScPT,MClSc(manip),FCAMPT Partner AdjunctFaculty TreloarPhysiotherapyClinic RegisUniversity BritishColumbia,Canada Denver,Colorado JaneGreening,MCSP,MSc,PhD,FMACP ShaneKoppenhaver,PT,PhD,OCS,FAAOMPT VisitingResearchFellow AssistantProfessor BrightonandSussexMedicalSchool USArmy/BaylorUniversityDoctoralProgramin UniversityofSussex PhysicalTherapy Brighton,UK SanAntonio,Texas xii Contributors JohnRKrauss,PT,PhD,OCS,FAAOMPT UniversityofToronto AssociateProfessor Toronto,Canada OaklandUniversity Rochester,Michigan PaulMintken,PT,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT AssistantProfessor MichaelHLeal,PT,DPT,MPT,OCS PhysicalTherapyProgram StaffPhysicalTherapist SchoolofMedicine PresbyterianIntercommunityHospital UniversityofColorado Whittier,California Denver,Colorado AdjunctFaculty DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy KieranO’Sullivan,BScPT(Hons),MManipTher SpecialistMusculoskeletalPhysiotherapist AzusaPacificUniversity LecturerinPhysiotherapy Azusa,California UniversityofLimerick AffiliateFaculty Limerick,Ireland Rueckert-HartmanCollegeforHealthProfessions RegisUniversity LucaPadua,MD,PhD Denver,Colorado ProfessorofNeurology DepartmentofNeurosciences AdriaanLouw,PT,M.App.Sc(Physio),GCRM,CSMT InstituteofNeurology SeniorInstructor CatholicUniversity InternationalSpineandPainInstituteandNeuroOrthopaedic Rome,Italy Institute DonCGnocchiFoundation StoryCity,Iowa Milan,Italy JoyCMacDermid,BSc,BScPT,MSc,PhD CostanzaPazzaglia,MD AssociateProfessor PostgraduateStudent SchoolofRehabilitationScience DepartmentofNeurosciences McMasterUniversity InstituteofNeurology Hamilton,Ontario Universita` CattolicadelSacroCuore Co-directorofClinicalResearch Rome,Italy HandandUpperLimbCentre DonCGnocchiFoundation London,Ontario,Canada Milan,Italy MaryEMagarey,PhD,FACP,GradDipAdvManipTher ErlandPettman,PT,OMT,FCAMT SpecialistMusculoskeletalandSportsPhysiotherapist AssociateProfessor SeniorLecturerandCoordinator(Sports) Post-professionalProgram GraduateProgramsinMusculoskeletaland DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy SportsPhysiotherapy AndrewsUniversity SchoolofHealthSciences BerrienSprings,Michigan UniversityofSouthAustralia Adelaide,Australia AndrzejPilat,PT Director JohnsonMcEvoy,BSc,MSc,DPT,MISCP,MCSP,PT MyofascialTherapySchool“Tupimek” UnitedPhysiotherapyClinic PostgraduateProgramPhysiotherapySchoolONCE HeadPhysiotherapistIrishBoxingTeam UniversiadAuto´noma ExternalLecturerBSc(SportsScience) Madrid,Spain UniversityofLimerick Limerick,Ireland EllenJPong,OT,PT,BA,MOT,DPT PhysicalandOccupationalTherapist JackMiller,BSc,PT,DipMT(NZ),MClSc,FCAMT SacredHeartRehabilitationatPace AdjunctClinicalProfessor OnlineInstructor FacultyofHealthScience UniversityofSt.AugustineforHealthSciences SchoolofPhysicalTherapy St.Augustine,Florida UniversityofWesternOntario London,Canada JanetteWPowell,PT,MHSc,OCS,STC Lecturer SupervisorofPerformanceMedicine FacultyofMedicine CirqueduSoleil‘O’ DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine LasVegas,Nevada xiii
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