NCERT Class 9 Political Science

114 Pages·2014·13.71 MB·English

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CHAPTER I 2
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CHAPTER 2 22
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CHAPTER 6 96
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1
CHAPTER I
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This book is about democracy. In this first chapter we see how democracy
has expanded during the last hundred years to more and more countries
in the world. More than half of the independent countries in the world
today are democracies. The expansion of democracy has not been smooth
and straight. It has seen several ups and downs in different countries. It
still remains an unstable and uncertain achievement.
This chapter begins with different stories on the making and unmaking
of democracy from different parts of the world. These stories are meant to
give a sense of what it means to experience democracy and its absence.
We present the pattern of the spread of democracy first with a series of
maps and then with a short history. The focus in this chapter is on
democracy within a country. But towards the end of the chapter, we take
a look at democracy or its absence in the relations among different
countries. We examine the working of some international organisations.
This allows us to ask a big question: are we moving towards democracy at
the global level?
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President Salvador Allende
(wearing a helmet) and his
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security guards in front of
La Moneda, Chile’s “Workers of my homeland! I have faith in leader of the Socialist Party of Chile
Presidential Palace, on 11
Chile and its future. Chileans will and led the Popular Unity coalition
September 1973, hours
before his death. What do overcome this dark and bitter moment to victory in the presidential election
you read on everyone’s when treason became dominant. You in 1970. After being elected the
face in this photograph?
must never forget that, sooner rather than President, Allende had taken several
later, the grand avenues will be opened policy decisions to help the poor and
where free men will march on to build a the workers. These included reform
better society. Long live Chile! Long live of the educational system, free milk
the people! Long live the workers! for children and redistribution of land
These are my last words and I have to the landless farmers. He was
certainty that my sacrifice will not be in opposed to foreign companies taking
vain; I have certainty that, at the least, away natural resources like copper
I will be a moral lesson to castigate felony, from the country. The landlords, the
cowardice, and treason.” rich and the Church opposed his
These are some extracts from the policies. Some other political parties
last speech of Salvador Allende in Chile also opposed his government.
(pronounced Ayen-they). He was
then the President of Chile, a
Why did President
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Allende address country in South America. The On the morning of 11 September
himself mainly to speech was given on the morning of 1973, the military took over the
‘workers’? Why 11 September 1973, the day his seaport. The Defence Minister was
were the rich government was overthrown by the arrested by the military when he
unhappy with him? military. Allende was the founder arrived at his office. The military
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commanders asked the President to military officers. They could do as
resign. Allende refused to resign or they wished and no one could
leave the country. But realising the question them. Thus a military
danger to the country and to his life, dictatorship was established in
he addressed the people on the Chile. Pinochet’s government
radio, part of which we read in the tortured and killed several of those
beginning. Then the military who supported Allende and those
surrounded the President’s house who wanted democracy to be Did the army have
any legal right to
and started bombing it. President restored. These included General
arrest the defence
Allende died in the military attack. Alberto Bachelet of the Chilean Air
minister of the
This was the sacrifice he was talking Force and many other officers who
country? Should
about in his last speech. A refused to join the coup. General
the army have the
government elected by people was Bachelet’s wife and daughter were
power to arrest any
overthrown by the military through put in prison and tortured. More
citizen?
conspiracy and violence. than 3,000 people were killed by the
What took place in Chile on 11 military. Many more were reported
September 1973 was a military ‘missing’. No one knows what
coup. General Augusto Pinochet happened to them.
(pronounced Pinoshe), an Army
general, led the coup. The A C T I V I T Y
government of the United States of
America was unhappy with Allende’s
rule and is known to have supported Locate and shade Chile on the map. Which President Michelle Bachelet
and funded activities that led to the ✆state in our country has a shape similar to addressing her supporters
after her victory in the
coup. Pinochet became the Chile?
presidential election in
President of the country and ruled Follow the newspaper for one month and collect January 2006. From this
it for the next 17 years. From a ✆news items related to any country in Latin photograph do you notice
any difference between an
government that was elected by the America. Did you find the news coverge
election rally in Chile and in
people, the power shifted to the adequate. India?
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Lech Walesa
Poland is famous for its
one of Chile’s richest men. In this
poster art. Most of the ❘❘❡❡❡❡ssss(cid:0)(cid:0)♦♦♦♦rrrr❛❛❛❛(cid:0)(cid:0)✐✐✐✐♦♦♦♦tt ♦♦✁✁ ✂✂❡❡❡❡♠♠♠♠♦♦✄✄rr❛❛❛❛✄✄✄✄②②②②
Pinochet’s military dictatorship photograph of her victory speech,
posters of Solidarity carried
this special way of writing came to an end after he decided to she is saying to her supporters:
‘Solidarnosc’. Can you find hold a referendum in 1988. He felt “Because I was the victim of hatred, I
similar examples of poster
confident that in this referendum, have dedicated my life to reverse that
art or wall writing in Indian
politics? the people would say ‘yes’ to his hatred and turn it into understanding,
continuing in power. But the people tolerance and — why not say it — into
of Chile had not forgotten their love.”
democratic traditions. Their vote was
a decisive ‘no’ to Pinochet. This led
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to Pinochet losing first his political Let us turn to another event, this
and then his military powers. The time from Poland, in 1980. At that
hope Allende expressed in his last time Poland was ruled by the Polish
address was realised: felony, United Workers’ Party. This was one
cowardice and treason were finally of the many communist parties that
punished. Political freedom was ruled in several countries of East
restored. Since then Chile has held Europe at that time. In these
four presidential elections in which countries no other political party
different political parties have was allowed to function. The people
participated. Slowly, the army’s role could not freely choose the leaders
in the country’s government has of the communist party or the
been eliminated. The elected government. Those who spoke
governments that came to power against the leaders or the party or
ordered inquiries into Pinochet’s the government were put in prison.
rule. These inquiries showed that his The government in Poland was
government was not only very supported and controlled by the
brutal, but also very corrupt. government of the Soviet Union
Do you remember a little reference (USSR), a vast and powerful
made earlier to General Bachelet’s communist state.
daughter who was imprisoned and On 14 August 1980, the workers
tortured along with her mother? of Lenin Shipyard in the city of
That girl, Michelle Bachelet Gdansk went on a strike. The
(pronounced Mishel Bashelet), was shipyard was owned by the
elected President of Chile in January government. In fact all the factories
2006. A medical doctor and a and big property in Poland were
moderate socialist, Michelle became owned by the government. The
the first woman to be a Defence strike began with a demand to take
Minister in Latin America. In the back a crane operator, a woman
presidential elections she defeated worker, who was unjustly dismissed
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from service. This strike was illegal, government was weaker, the
because trade unions independent support from Soviet Union uncertain
of the ruling party were not allowed and the economy was in decline.
in Poland. As the strike continued, Another round of negotiations with
a former electrician of the shipyard, Walesa resulted in an agreement in
Lech Walesa (pronounced Lek April 1989 for free elections. Solidarity
Walesha), joined the strikers. He was contested all the 100 seats of the
dismissed from service in 1976 for Senate and won 99 of them. In
demanding higher pay. Walesa soon October 1990, Poland had its first
emerged as the leader of the striking presidential elections in which more
workers. The strike began to spread than one party could contest. Walesa
across the whole city. Now the was elected President of Poland.
workers started raising larger
demands. They wanted the right to A C T I V I T Y
form independent trade unions. They
also demanded the release of political
prisoners and an end to censorship Locate Poland on the map. Write down the
✆
on press. names of the countries that surround it.
The movement became so popular Which other East European countries were
✆
that the government had to give in. ruled by communist parties in the 1980s?
The workers led by Walesa signed a Shade them on the map.
21-point agreement with the Make a list of political activities that you could
✆
government that ended their strike. not have done in Poland in 1980s but you can
The government agreed to recognise do in our country.
the workers’ right to form
independent trade unions and their
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right to strike. After the Gdansk We have read two different kinds of
agreement was signed, a new trade real life stories. The story from Chile
union called Solidarity (Solidarnosc was of a democratic government led
in Polish) was formed. It was the first by Allende being replaced by a non-
time an independent trade union democratic military government of
was formed in any of the communist Pinochet, followed by restoration of
states. Within a year, Solidarity democracy. In Poland we tracked the
swept across Poland and had about transition from a non-democratic
one crore members. Revelations of government to a democratic
widespread corruption and government.
mismanagement in the government Let us compare the two non-
made matters worse for the democratic governments in these
rulers. The government, led by stories. There were many differences
General Jaruzelski, grew anxious between Pinochet’s rule in Chile and
and imposed martial law in the communist rule in Poland. Chile
December 1981. Thousands of was ruled by a military dictator,
Solidarity members were put in while Poland was ruled by a political
prison. Freedom to organise, protest party. The government of Poland
Why was an
and express opinions was once claimed that it was ruling on behalf independent trade
again taken away. of the working classes. Pinochet union so important
Another wave of strikes, again made no such claim and openly in Poland? Why are
organised by Solidarity, began in favoured big capitalists. Yet both trade unions
1988. This time the Polish had some common features: necessary?
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The people could not choose or governments elected by the people
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change their rulers. and not by the army, unelected
There was no real freedom to leaders or any external power. The
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express one’s opinions, form people enjoyed some basic political
political associations and organise freedoms.
protests and political action. From these two stories let us draw
a rough way to identify a democracy.
The three democratic governments Democracy is a form of government
identified above — Allende’s Chile, that allows people to choose their
Walesa’s Poland and Michelle’s Chile rulers. In a democracy:
— are different in their approach only leaders elected by people
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towards social and economic matters. should rule the country, and
Allende preferred government control people have the freedom to express
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on all big industries and the economy. views, freedom to organise and
Walesa wanted the market to be free freedom to protest.
of government interference. Michelle
stands somewhere in the middle on We shall come back to this question
this issue. Yet these three in Chapter Two and develop a
governments shared some basic definition of democracy. We shall also
features. Power was exercised by note some features of a democracy.
Anita made a list of the features of all the five governments that we have discussed so far. But
somehow the list got mixed up. Now she has a list of many features but she does not remember
which feature applies to which government. Can you help her by writing the correct feature under the
CHECK
name of the government in the table below? Remember, some of these features may apply to more
YOUR than one government and would need to be written separately under each of these.
Features:
PROGRESS Military
Cgarolilvtoiewcriensdmm eonf tt hneot dictatoGrsohvieprnmWcoeirdnretuspptrieoand Twphoaelsi t poicrnaecsle ip dareinsotner
Ruler elected owned all Ruler not
by the people industries More than one elected by the
Missing people parties exist people
People enjoyed
basic political Foreign
freedoms intervention in
domestic affairs
Chile Chile Chile Poland Poland
Allende Pinochet Bachelet Jaruzelski Walesa
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Twentieth century was full of the that were democratic in 1950, a few
kind of stories we have read above: years after the end of the Second
stories of transition to democracy, World War. This map also shows
of challenges to democracy, of countries from this set that had
military coups, of struggles of the already become democratic by 1900.
people to bring back democracy. The second map presents a picture
Was there a pattern to these stories of democratic regimes in 1975, after
that record both the march towards most of the colonies had gained
democracy and the setbacks to independence. Finally, we take
democracy? Let us use the basic another leap and look at democracies
features we noted earlier and in the year 2000, at the beginning of
identify democracies among the twenty-first century.
different countries of the world. As we look at these maps, let us
This is what the three maps shown ask ourselves some questions. How
here do. Take a look at these three has democracy marched through
maps below and find out if there was the twentieth century? Is there a
a pattern in the way democracies clear pattern of expansion? When
have evolved in the twentieth century. did the expansion take place? In
The first map depicts the countries which regions?
MAP 1.1: DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS IN 1900-1950
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT IN 1900 AND 1950
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT IN 1950 BUT NOT IN 1900
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