Nazi Germany and the Arab World PDF
Preview Nazi Germany and the Arab World
Nazi Germany and the Arab World This book considers the evolving strategic interests and foreign policy intent of the Third Reich toward the Arabic-speaking world, from Hitler’sassumptionofpowerinJanuary1933to1944,ayearfollowing thefinalAxisdefeatinandexpulsionfromNorthAfricainMay1943. Itdoessowithinthecontextoftwocentral,interconnectedissuesinthe largerhistoryofNationalSocialismandtheThirdReich,namelyNazi geopoliticalinterestsandambitionsandtheregime’sracialideologyand policy. This book defines the relatively limited geopolitical interests of NaziGermanyintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricawithinthecontext ofitsrelationshipswiththeotherEuropeangreatpowersanditspolicies withregardtotheArabsandJewswholivedinthoseareas. francis r. nicosia is Professor of History and the Raul Hilberg Distinguished Professor of Holocaust Studies at the University of Vermont. He is the author of Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany (Cambridge, 2008); the coeditor of Jewish Life in Nazi Germany: Dilemmas and Responses (2010); and the coauthor of The ColumbiaGuidetotheHolocaust(2000).NicosiawasaRevsonFellow at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the U.S. Holocaust MemorialMuseumfrom2000to2001andaSeniorFulbrightResearch Scholar in Berlin from 1992 to 1993 and from 2006 to 2007. He received the Carnegie Foundation’s Vermont Professor of the Year award in 2000 and the Holocaust Educational Foundation’s DistinguishedAchievementAwardin2014. Nazi Germany and the Arab World FRANCIS R. NICOSIA UniversityofVermont 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107067127 ©FrancisR.Nicosia2015 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2015 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Nicosia,FrancisR.,1944– NaziGermanyandtheArabworld/FrancisR.Nicosia. pages cm isbn978-1-107-06712-7(Hardback) 1. Arabcountries–Foreignrelations–Germany. 2. Germany–Foreignrelations–Arab countries. 3. NationalsocialismandIslam. I. Title. ds63.2.g4n532014 327.430170492709043–dc23 2014026178 isbn978-1-107-06712-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof urlsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. For Joseph and Patrick Die mohammedanisch-arabische Kulturperiode ist das Verbindungsglied zwischen der untergegangenengriechisch-römischenundderaltenKulturüberhauptundderseitdem Renaissancezeitalter aufgeblühten europäischen Kultur. Die letztere hätte ohne dieses BindegliedschwerlichsobaldihreheutigeHöheerreicht. (TheeraofIslamic-ArabculturerepresentsthelinkbetweenthefallenGreek-Roman and generally the culture of antiquity, and the European culture that has blossomed sincetheperiodoftheRenaissance.Withoutthislink,thelatterwouldnothaveeasily reacheditshighpositionoftoday.) August Bebel, Die Mohammedanisch-Arabische Kulturperiode, Herausgegeben und eingeleitetvonWolfgangG.Schwanitz(Berlin:EditionOst,1999),169. Als völkischer Mann, der den Wert des Menschentums nach rassischen Grundlagen abschätzt, darf ich schon aus der Erkenntnis der rassischen Minderwertigkeit dieser sogennanten “unterdrückten Nationen” nicht das Schicksal des eigenen Volkes mit demihrenverketten. (As a folkish man who estimates the value of humanity on racial bases, I may not, simply because of my knowledge of their racial inferiority, link my own people’s fate withthatoftheseso-called“oppressednations.”) Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Jubiläumsausgabe anläßlich der Vollendung des 50. Lebensjahres des Führers (München: Zentralverlag der NSDAP/Frz. Eher Nachf., 1939),655. UnsereSenderwiegelndieAraberauf.JetztwollenwirmalOberstLawrencespielen. (OurradiostationsareincitingtheArabs.NowwewanttoplayColonelLawrence.) Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Elke Fröhlich Hrsg., Teil I, Bd.9,BearbeitetvonHartmutMehringer(Berlin:K.G.SauerVerlag,1995),252. Contents Listof Illustrations page ix Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1 Continuity and Departure: Imperial and Weimar Germany 18 ImperialGermanyandtheFirstWorldWar 18 TheWeimarYears 28 2 Hitler,Race,and the World Beyond Europe 46 RaceandtheEuropeanGreatPowers 46 Raceand“ColonialPeoples” 54 3 Germanyand theArab World,1933–1937 62 Hitler’s“Englandpolitik” 62 ArabOvertures,NaziResponses 70 TheArabRevoltandGermanArms 79 AJewishState 89 4 The Coming ofWar, 1938–1939 101 ContinuityandDepartureinHitler’s“Englandpolitik” 101 Germany,Italy,andtheMiddleEast 116 ArmsExports 127 5 From the Peripheryto the Center, 1940–1941 135 FromthePeriphery 135 TotheCenter 154 6 The Axisand Arab Independence, 1941–1942 180 ArabLeadersinWartimeBerlin 180 TheElusiveAxisDeclaration 188 vii viii Contents AnticipationofVictory:Fall1942 204 TheMuftiandNorthAfrica 216 7 Collapse and Irrelevance, 1943–1944 222 NorthAfrica,Continuity,andCollapse 222 TheJewishQuestion,theMiddleEast,andPalestine 239 Postscript:Handschar 257 Conclusions 265 Bibliography 281 Index 293
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