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NAVEDTRA 12966 Naval Education and July 1991 Training Manual Training Command 0502-LP 213-4100 (TRAMAN) Naval Orientation DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The public may request copies ofthis document by following the purchasing instruction on the inside cover. Ill 0S02I_P2134100 Although the words "he," "him," and "his" are used sparingly in this manual to enhance communication, they are not intended to be gender driven nor to affront or discriminate against anyone reading this text. ^ DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Thepublic may requestcopies ofthis document by writingto SuperintendentofDocuments, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-0001 or to the Naval Inventory Control Point (NAVICP) - Cog "I" Material, Attention Cash Sales, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia PA 19111-S098. NAVAL ORIENTATION i i % i NAVEDTRA 12966 I \ i I I i I \ 1 1991 Edition Prepared by LT USN : William L. Brackin, I '.s.V'.vi'^^'.'>'.i.vv<.«w^iv'SVk.S<.<.<.<w'>.^w ^ PREFACE NAVEDTRA Naval Orientation, 12966, and the nonresident training NAVEDTRA course (NRTC), 82966, form a self-study training package that has been prepared mainly for use in officer training programs. However, it is a source ofuseful information for every member ofthe Department ofthe Navy. The text provides valuable background information for all hands and introduces personnel to the rules, customs, andtraditions that govern Navy life. The NRTC consists of 12 assignments that have been designed for usewith this text. You may order the self-study training package (NRTC and this text) by NRTC NAVEDTRA number (NAVEDTRA 82966) on ADP Form 1510/1(4-85) from the Naval Education and Training Program Management Support Activity (NETPMSA), Code 0742, Pensacola, FL 32559-5000. NETPMSA will administer the NRTC. Upon completion ofthis course, you may retain this self-study traming package (NRTC and text). You may order additional copies of this text by stock number on a DD Form 1348 from Naval Publications and Forms Center (NPFC), Philadelphia. This text was prepared by the Naval Education and Training Program Management Support Activity, Pensacola, Florida, for the Chief of Naval Education and Training. Technical review was provided bythe United States Naval Academy, AnnapoUs, Maryland; the Naval Military Personnel Command, Washington, D.C.; the Office ofthe ChiefofNaval Operations, Washington, D.C.; the Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C.; the Naval Supply Systems Command, Washington, D.C.; the Naval Tele- communications Command, Washington, D.C.; the Naval Intelligence Command, Washington, D.C.; the Marine Corps Institute, Arlington, Virginia; and the Naval Reserve Personnel Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Suggestions, comments, and criticisms are invited. Address them to NETPMSA, Code 0318, Pensacola, FL 32509-5000. Revised 1991 Stock Ordering No. 0502-LP-213-4100 PubHshed by NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM MANAGEMENT SUPPORT ACTIVITY UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C.: 1991 NAVY THE UNITED STATES GUARDIAN OF OUR COUNTRY The United States Navy is responsible for maintaining control of the sea and is a ready force on watch at home and overseas, capable of strong action to preserve the peace or of instant offensive action to win in war. It is upon the maintenance ofthis control that our country's glorious future depends; the United States Navy exists to make it so. WE SERVE WITH HONOR Tradition,valor,and victory are the Navy's heritage from the past. To these may be added dedication, discipline, and vigilance as the watchwords ofthe present and the future. At home or on distant stations we serve with pride, confident in the respect ofour country, our shipmates, and our famihes. Our responsibihties sober us; our adversities strengthen us. Service to God and Country is our special privilege. We serve with honor. THE FUTURE OF THE NAVY The Navy will always employ new weapons, new techniques, and greater power to protect and defend the United States on the sea, under the sea, and in the air. Now and in the future, control ofthe sea gives the United States her greatest advantage for the maintenance of peace and for victory in war. Mobility, surprise, dispersal, and offensive power are the keynotes of the new Navy. The roots of the Navy lie in a strong belief in the future, in continued dedication to our tasks, and in reflection on our heritage from the past. Never have our opportunities and ourresponsibilities been greater. CONTENTS CHAPTER Page 1. Naval Sea Power 1-1 2. Makers of Naval Tradition 2-1 3. The Naval Officer's Career 3-1 4. Military Duties of the Naval Officer 4-1 5. Discipline and Leadership 5-1 6. Governing Regulations 6-1 7. Military Courtesy 7-1 8. Honors and Ceremonies 8-1 9. Uniforms, Insignia, and Awards 9-1 10. Naval Educational Institutions 10-1 11. The Armed Forces of the United States 11-1 12. Components of the Navy 12-1 13. Supporting Elements of the Navy 13-1 14. United States Marine Corps 14-1 15. The Naval Reserve 15-1 16. Shipboard Organization 16-1 17. Ship Design and Engineering 17-1 18. External Equipment of Ships 18-1 19. Vessel Types and Characteristics 19-1 20. Naval Weapons Systems 20-1 APPENDIX I. Glossary AI-1 II. Naval Terms and Customs AII-1 INDEX INDEX-1 ni Digitized by the Internet Archive 2012 with funding from in LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation X http://archive.org/details/navalo91brak .. CHAPTER 1 NAVAL SEA POWER LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning objectives are stated at the beginning ofeach chapter. Theselearning objectives serve as a preview of the information you are expected to learn in the chapter. By successfully completing the nonresident training course (NRTC), you indicate you have met the objectives and have learned the information. The learning objectives for chapter 1 arelisted below. Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to do the following: 1. Define sea power. 9. Identify the mission of the U.S. Navy. 2. Define the establishment of the Continental 10. Statethe fourmission areas inwhichtheNavy navy. carries out its function. 3. Portray naval operations of the Civil War. 4. Describe naval operations of World War L 11 Analyze the Soviet miUtary threat. 5. Identify naval operations of World War II. 12. Analyze the Soviet political threat. 6. Describe naval operations of the Korean 13. Describe Soviet naval capabilities. conflict and the Vietnam conflict. 14. Outline the Soviet naval personnel structure. 7. Describe naval operations in the Persian Gulf. 8. State the reasons why a strong Navy is needed 15 Identifytreaties and pacts ofwhichtheUnited to support our national objectives. States is a member. Sea power as a concept means more than The first use of the term sea power was by military power at sea. The Navy's definition of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, USN, in his sea power is explained in the following paragraph: principal work. TheInfluenceofSeaPower Upon History, 1660-1783, published in 1890. Mahan Sea power iy the sum of a nation's explained six conditions required for a nation to capabilitiesto implement its interests inthe havesea power: (1) an advantageous geographical ocean, by using the ocean areas for position; (2) serviceable coastlines, abundant political, economic, and military activities natural resources, and a favorable climate; iapeace or—warin order to attain national (3) extent of territory; (4) a population large objectives with principal components of enough to defend its territory; (5) a society with sea power being naval power, ocean an aptitudeforthesea and commercial enterprise; science, ocean industry, and ocean con^ and (6) a government with the influence to mercc. dominate the sea. 1-1 Geographical position was described as the HISTORY OF SEA POWER most significant condition in the rise of EngUsh sea power to world dominance. England was Sea power as an important influence in history ideally situated astride the major sea lanes of dates back to 2000 B.C. The ancient Cretans are European trade. Therefore, in times of peace credited with being the first nation to possess a England would prosper commercially and in times navy and a merchant marine. Because of their ofwar would deny the use ofthese vital sea lanes strong naval forces, the Cretans dominated the to its enemies. In addition, England's insular people on the shores ofthe Aegean Sea. This land position protected it from invasionbyenemies and area became known as Greece and Turkey. prevented the necessity of a large army. The age of exploration and colonization was Although geographical position is important, the age of sea power in its broadest application. Mahan observed that other conditions are also Nations employing sea power during this age important for a nation to become a strong sea became rich and powerful. They prospered from power. An advantageous geographical position is the goods brought in bytheir ships, and the world of little benefit to a nation that lacks a suitable prospered from the goods sent forth by their coastline for harbors, natural resources, and a ships. A favorable climate. nation that possesses such Inevitably, power struggles erupted between benefits will seldom look seaward. England, the maritime rivals, and many wars were fought lacking these natural advantages, was compelled between opposing sea powers. When sea powers to turn to the sea. clashed, the one with the soundest knowledge of Mahan's third and fourth conditions, extent the sea and the most effective use of its ships of territory and a population large enough to determined the victor. defend its territory, are interdependent. Anation's Spain, Portugal, and France, the three great coastlines and harbors are not only commercial maritime powers, made great and enduring outlets, but also a means of penetration by its contributions to discovery, exploration, and enemies. colonization. Portugal, a country with only A nation must have a strong navy and engage 1 million inhabitants at the time, discovered and in profitable trade with other nations to become explored almosttwo-thirds oftheunknown world. a sea power. Therefore, as Mahan states in the Eventually the sea power of these countries fifth requirement, the society ofthat nation must dwindled because their knowledge ofthe sea was have an aptitude for the sea and commercial either lacking or inferior to that of their opponents. enterprise. In one ofthemost decisivebattlesofmaritime Finally, the government ofa nation must have history, the battle of Diu in 1509, the Portuguese enough influence over other nations to dominate fleet crushed the Egyptian-Gujerati fleet. This the sea. victory turned Portugal into a major sea power In the decades immediately following the Civil with an empire stretching from Brazil to China. War, the primary role of the U.S. Navy was as It also marked the beginning of four centuries of coastal defender and commerce raider. The undisputed European sea supremacyin the Indian United States did not exercise the concept of sea Ocean. This battle was the first proof of the power, but beheved in the concept of national importance of artillery mounted aboard ships to isolation. In effect, the nation stressed naval destroy enemy vessels. expansion within its own country. By 1890, In 1511 the Portuguese fleet moved northward however, the nation began naval expansion to China and then eastward through the heart of toward other countries, and its concept ofnational the Spice Islands to Malacca. This voyage isolation began to ebb. estabUshed one of the first routes to Europe's Those groups in the Navy and in the govern- commercial-colonial empires, which were main- ment who beheved in the concept of sea power tained by superiority of firearms and sea power. endorsed Mahan's doctrine. They based their In the Indian ocean, the Portuguese navy was endorsement on the behef that history provides the first to understand the concept of sea power clues to achieving maritime supremacy. Mahan's and to develop a naval strategy to suit its concept, therefore, became the intellectual force individual needs. Countries later achieving naval behind the United States' development ofits Navy power used the same strategy introduced by the into a sea power. Portuguese. 1-2