Naval Medical Research Center

44 Pages·2002·8.2 MB·English

by  U.S. Naval Medical Research Center

Introduction NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER
NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER {NMRC)
To enhance the health, safety, readiness and performance of Navy and Marine Corps
personnel, the Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC) and its affiliated laboratories
conduct basic and applied biomedical research in infectious diseases: biological defense,
combat casualty care, bone marrow, and diving and environmental medicine.
NMRC and its overseas laboratories also support global surveillance, training, research
and response to emerging infectious disease threats.
Since its inception in 1942, the Naval Medical Research Institute has made many
contributions to the field of military medicine, always with the focus of protecting and
enhancing the health, safety, and efficiency of Navy and Marine Corps personnel.
In 1998, the Naval Medical Research Institute was closed under the Base Realignment
and Closure Law, and the Naval Medical Research Center was commissioned. NMRC
provides leadership for the Navy's dental and biomedical research laboratory at Great
Lakes, Illinois, and for the Navy's overseas laboratories in Peru, Indonesia and Egypt.
In June 1999, along with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, NMRC moved to
the new federal research laboratory facility, the Inouye Building, erected in the Forest
Glen section of Silver Spring, Maryland.
1
NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER Lab Locations
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (NAMRU-2)
Jakarta, Indonesia
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3)
Cairo, Egypt
Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD)
Peru, South America
Naval Institute for Dental and Biomedical Research (NIDBR)
Great Lakes, Illinois
2
Message from the CO NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER
As we move into the 21st century, we face not only the medical issues associated
with conventional warfare, but the potential use of weapons of mass destruction and
terrorism against our military forces and our citizens. The overwhelming superiority
of our defense infrastructure, where billions of dollars are invested, is vulnerable to the
threat to use inexpensive asymmetric weapons of mass destruction against us.
Our research at NMRC is focused on finding solutions both to conventional medical
problems on the battlefield such as bleeding, and to non-conventional weapons such as
thermobaric blast, biological agents, or radiation. Research is being conducted in the
fields of Infectious Diseases, Biological Warfare Defense, Dental Research and Combat
Casualty Care.
Our overseas laboratories play an instrumental role in the worldwide monitoring of
new emerging infectious diseases, such as SARS, that threaten both deployed forces
and the world. The threatened deliberate use of biological agents as weapons in the
future may require infectious diseases to be classified as battlefield related, and will be
extremely serious to the unprepared. As you will see in the following excerpts, our
medical research efforts are aimed at providing solutions to future medical readiness
for what lies ahead on the battlefield, at sea, and at home.
Richard B. Oberst
Captain, Medical Service Corps
3

Biological Defense Research Directorate NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER
U.S. military medical researchers have focused on how to defend the threat
of biological and chemical warfare since World War I. With recent conflicts
and terrorist attacks, the threat of bioterrorism has quickly risen to the
consciousness of the general public.
For nearly 15 years, the Biological Defense Research Directorate (BDRD)
at NMRC has researched ways to protect military personnel in the event
of a biological attack. They have become a leader in the field in detection,
including hand-held assays, molecular diagnostics, and confirmatory
analysis. More recently, NMRC researchers have made great strides in
developing a new DNA-based vaccine to protect against anthrax.
5
I
NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER Biological Defense Research Directorate
Identifying and Studying
Bio-warfare Threats
BDRD pioneered the development of
small hand-held assays that identify most
of the common biological threats, includ
ing anthrax. The DoD, FBI and the Secret
Service routinely use these assays, which
identify the biological agent within 15
minutes. These assays were selected by
the Joint Program Office for Biological
Defense as the standard assay produced
for the DoD.
The first portable laboratory capable
Scientists at NMRC also developed real of conducting molecular detection
time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was developed by the BDRD in 1991.
based diagnostics for confirmatory test This unique laboratory allows military
ing. These confirmatory assays are based personnel in the field to quickly conduct
on the DNA sequence of a particular confirmatory assays to see if biological
biological agent. BDRD's anthrax assays agents are present. It was deployed in
are the standard assays for the Centers Desert Storm/Desert Shield, and similar
•
for Disease Control and Prevention. The capabilities were deployed in Operation
final step in the confirmation process, Iraqi Freedom. The portable lab currently
definitive testing, can then be done at the weighs approximately 1,000 pounds, and
NMRC laboratories in their Bio-Safety requires three people to run it. It can be
Level 3 facility. checked onto commercial airlines, and re
quires only gas and motor oil to operate.
The portable laboratory holds supplies
sufficient to process about 150 samples,
with PCR and ELISA testing. It also in
cludes protective gear for the personnel,
These hand held assays provide rapid screening of a generator, a freezer, and field lighting
environmental samples, and cai1 detect more tl1a11 and field UPS.
20 agents.
6
Biological Defense Research Directorate NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER
In a related area of research, scientists
are also working on the development of
a more sensitive diagnostic field test to
quickly see if humans have been exposed
to biological agents. This would be
especially helpful in combat situations
where it is difficult to move a full field
laboratory. The sooner an exposure is
detected, the sooner treatment can begin.
Identifying anthrax is difficult, especially
in field conditions, where equipment and
technologies are limited.
Providing Operational Support The detection system includes a dry filter
unit (DFU) that runs continuously, and
Within 4 months prior to the 2003 Gulf is tested twice per day. Rapid detection
War, BORD worked with the Chief of of any biological threat is especially
Naval Operations to equip the Navy's important aboard ship, so that anyone
fleet with full threat agent detection exposed can be evaluated and treated
laboratories. First, they trained personnel immediately. BDRD also developed and
on board to use the equipment, which in communicated emergency plans and
cludes full confirmatory capabilities. Two processes for definitive testing of any
ships were tested last summer to see if the potential biological threats.
labs were effective before they equipped
the rest of the fleet. The Afloat labora This is one recent example of how BDRD
tories include microbiology capabilities, supports the Navy and Marine forces.
Two of BDRD's portable laboratories were immunochemical assays, laminar· flow They also provide extensive training for
deployed to Iraq in early 2003, available to hoods, and molecular diagnostics (PCR). forward forces, Naval Environmental
detect biological agents in the.field. Preventive Medicine Units (NEPMU),
Marine Chemical Biological Immediate
Response Force (CBIRF) and shipboard
laboratory technicians operating the
RAPID DETECTION OF ANY BIOLOGICAL THREAT IS ESPECIALLY Afloat laboratories.
IMPORTANT ABOARD SHIP, SO THAT ANYONE EXPOSED CAN BE
EVALUATED AND TREATED IMMEDIATELY.
7
NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER Biological Defense Research Directorate
In collaboration with Ohio State This program protects the health and
University and Vical Inc., researchers welfare of the military population and
identified key anthrax immunogens and helps ensure the success of military
verified they can be delivered by formu operations. In addition, it advances
lated DNA. They found by combining our knowledge of these agents and the
two immunogens, Protective Antigen diseases they cause, thereby improving
(PA) and Lethal Factor (LA), they may measures to protect public health.
provide broader protection than the cur
rently licenses anthrax vaccine or a single
recombinant protein vaccine. A safety
and immunogenicity study of this DNA
vaccine in humans is expected to begi_!:_
in late 2003.
DNA-based Vaccine
Against Anthrax
BORD researchers, in collaboration with
colleagues at Ohio State University,
have expanded their focus to encompass
developing a new generation vaccine to
improve immunization against anthrax.
The new DNA-based vaccine may require
only two shots and be effective against
anthrax in just six weeks, thereby fully
immunizing the patient in a fraction of
the time. If successful, this would sim
plify the vaccination process of military
personnel, who are often moved during
the 18 month span the current vaccine
requires. DNA formulations may also
offer advantages in handling and storage,
which are important considerations for The current anthrax vaccine requires a series of six shots and 18 months for the patient to become fully
stockpiling. immunized.
8