Nausea: Mechanisms and Management PDF
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Nausea This page intentionally left blank Nausea: Mechanisms and Management ROBERT M. STERN, KENNETH L. KOCH, AND PAUL L.R. ANDREWS 1 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2011 Robert M. Stern, Kenneth L. Koch, and Paul L. R. Andrews. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stern, Robert Morris, 1937 Nausea : mechanisms and management / Robert M. Stern, Kenneth L. Koch, and Paul L. R. Andrews. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-517815-9 1. Nausea. 2. Nausea—Treatment. I. Koch, Kenneth L. II. Andrews, P. L. R. (Paul L. R.) III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Nausea. WI 146 S839n 2011] RB150.N38S84 2011 616'.047–dc22 2010013557 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in USA on acid-free paper Preface O ur main purpose in writing this book is to bring together from different dis- ciplines the scattered information about nausea that exist, and to add to this review some of our own research fi ndings and theoretical concepts. We know of no other book devoted exclusively to nausea. There are several books with “nausea” and “vomiting” in the title, but in all cases the contents deal primarily with vomiting. It is ironic that nausea is such a common experience but very little is known about its mechanisms. One obvious reason for this paucity of information is that nausea is a private sensation, as are all sensations, and, therefore, very diffi cult to study. A second reason is that it falls between the cracks of health- related disciplines. Until recently, many gastroenterologists did not consider nausea a gastrointestinal (GI) symptom. Many textbooks in gastroenter ology do not include “nausea” as an index term, and the American Gastroenterological Association began to include “nausea” as an index term in the program for its annual scientifi c meeting only in 1991. Psychologists studied the sensation of nausea at the beginning of the twentieth century, but since then there has been little interest in nausea with the notable exceptions of research on condi- tioned taste aversion, the nausea of anti-cancer chemotherapy, and the nausea experienced during motion or, more recently, simulator and space sickness. W e, a research psychophysiologist (Stern), a gastroenterologist (Koch), and a physiologist (Andrews), have been collaborating on various research and clinical issues related to nausea for over twenty years. Where appropriate, we have outlined in this volume not only what we know about nausea but also what we don’t know, with the hope that this work will both fi ll a knowledge gap and stimulate new investigators to join us in our studies of this complex sensation. The authors acknowledge the contribution to Chapter 1 concerning the ancient use of the word “nausea” by Wilma Olch Stern, as well as her editing of the manuscript. v vi Preface R .M.S. has benefi tted from discussions with or opportunities to work with G. Stacher, G. Adam, A. Mantides, and H. Leibowitz. Many graduate stu- dents have contributed to research described in this volume including S. H. J. Uijtdehaage, S. Hu, M. Vasey, E. Muth, P. Gianaros, M. Levine, and M. Williamson. Their contributions to my nausea research is greatly appreciated. K .L.K. wishes to acknowledge the many patients who taught him insights into the symptom of nausea and to thank Elissa, Jonathan, Christian, Teddy, and Anne, who always supported their Dad’s work, and especially Elizabeth, who positively and steadfastly encouraged his medical writing and career. P. L. R. A. would like to thank all the colleagues with whom he has collabo- rated and had stimulating discussions about nausea and vomiting over the years and in particular would like to thank (in alphabetical order) Peter Blower, Chris Davis, Mark Friedman, Theresa Hague, Kent Harding, Jan Hawthorn, Charles Horn, Charles Hoyle, Nigel Lawes, Ron Leslie, Keith Lindley, Norio Matsuki, Gary Morrow, Masahiro Nemoto, Peter Milla, Wes Miner, John Rudd, Nathalie Percie du Sert, Catherine Richards, Gareth Sanger, David Tattersall, John Watson, and Bob Young. Robert M. Stern, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychology The Pennsylvania State University Moore Building University Park, PA 16802 [email protected] Kenneth L. Koch, M.D. Professor of Internal Medicine Chief, Section on Gastroenterology Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 [email protected] Paul L.R. Andrews, Ph.D. Professor of Comparative Physiology Division of BioMedical Sciences St. George’s University of London Cranmer Terrace Tooting, London, SW17 ORE United Kingdom [email protected] Contents PART I: Mechanisms Section I: Present and Past Concepts of Nausea, Prevalence, and Function 1 Nausea: Defi nitions, History, and Function 3 2 Prevalence of Nausea from Various Causes 17 3 Nausea as a Protective Control Mechanism with a Dynamic Threshold 29 Section II: Physiology of Nausea 4 The Central Nervous System and Nausea 39 5 The Autonomic Nervous System and Nausea 77 6 The Endocrine System and Nausea 115 7 Gastric Dysrhythmias and Nausea 153 vii viii Contents Section III: Measurement of Nausea 8 The Functions, Identifi cation, and Measurement of Nausea and Related Behaviors in Animals 171 9 The Measurement of Nausea in Humans 241 PART II: Management 10 Diagnosis and Management of Acute and Chronic Nausea 253 11 Nausea of Diabetes 269 12 Nausea During Pregnancy 283 13 Postoperative Nausea 305 14 Nausea Resulting from Cancer and Its Treatment 315 15 Nausea of Motion Sickness 331 16 Future Research: Management and Mechanisms 355 References 361 Author Index 433 Subject Index 449 PART I : Mechanisms
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