Nature’s Versatile Engine: Insect Flight Muscle Inside and Out

307 Pages·2006·7.37 MB·English

by  Jim O. Vigoreaux Ph.D. (auth.)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
INTELLIGENCE
UNIT
Nature s Versatile Engine:
Insect Flight Muscle
Inside and Out
Jim 0. Vigoreaux, Ph.D.
Department of Biology
and
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
Cell and Molecular Biology Program
University of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A.
LANDES BLOSCIENCE / EUREKAH.COM SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA
GEORGETOWN, TEXAS NEW YORK, NEW YORK
USA U.SA
NATURE'S VERSATILE ENGINE:
INSECT FLIGHT MUSCLE INSIDE AND OUT
Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vigoreaux, Jim O.
Nature's versatile engine : insect flight muscle inside and out / Jim O. Vigoreaux.
p. ; cm. ~ (Molecular biology intelligence unit)
ISBN 0-387-25798-5
1. Insects—Flight—Physiological aspects. 2. Wings—Muscles—Physiology. I. Title. II. Series: Medical
intelligence unit (Unnumbered : 2003)
[DNLM: 1. Insects—physiology. 2. Muscle Contraction—physiology. 3. Flight, Animal—physiology. 4.
Muscle Proteins. 5. Muscle, Skeletal-anatomy & histology. QL 496.7 V691n 2006]
QL496.7V54 2006
573.7'98157~dc22
2005024666
To Johana and Francis
May your quest into Nature's wonders be exciting,
rewarding, and ever-lasting.
= == CONTENTS
Foreword xv
Preface xxi
Section I—Experimental Insect Flight Systems:
Historical Contributions 1
1. The Contributions of Genetics to the Study of Insect Flight
Muscle Function 2
RichardM. Cripps
Abstract 2
Introduction 2
Isolation of Mutations Affecting Flight Muscle Function 3
Isolation of Myofibrillar Protein Genes 4
Use of Genetics to Study Myofibril Assembly 7
Transgenic Approaches to Muscle Assembly and Function 8
Use of Genetic Interactions to Understand Muscle Function 9
Concluding Remarks 10
2. 3D Structure of Myosin Crossbridges in Insect Flight Muscle:
Toward Visualization of the Conformations during Myosin
Motor Action 16
Mary C. Reedy
Abstract 16
Introduction 16
The Rigor State 21
Active Contraction 23
Isometric, Calcium Activated Contraction 23
Stretch Activation 27
The ATP-Relaxed State 29
Concluding Remarks 29
3. Comparative Physiology of Insect Flight Muscle 34
Robert K. Josephson
Abstract 34
Introduction 34
Direct and Indirect Flight Muscles 35
Power and Control Muscles 36
Bifunctional Muscles 36
Synchronous and Asynchronous Muscles (or Fibrillar
and Nonfibrillar Muscles) 37
Why Asynchronous Muscles? 39
Coda 41
4. Stretch Activation: Toward a Molecular Mechanism 44
Jeffrey R. Moore
Abstract 44
Introduction 45
Insect Flight Systems 45
Stretch/Stress Activation 46
Models That Explain the Effect of Stress on Tension 47
Bringing It All Together 55
Concluding Remarks 56
Section II—Components of the Myofibril 61
5. Myosin 62
Becky M. Miller and SanfordL Bernstein
Abstract 62
Myosin Structure and Function 62
Myosin Isoform Expression 65
Myosin Mutational Analysis 66
Myosin Heavy Chain Mutants 67
Transgenic Myosin Heavy Chain Chimerics 69
Myosin Light Chain Mutants 70
Conclusion 71
6. Paramyosin and Miniparamyosin 76
Margarita Cervera, Juan Jose Arredondo and Raquel Marco Ferreres
Abstract 76
Introduction: Paramyosin and Miniparamyosin, Components
of Invertebrate Thick Filaments 76
Regulation and Control 79
Evolutionary Aspects 83
Concluding Remarks 83
7. Novel Myosin Associated Proteins 86
Byron Barton and Jim O. Vigoreaux
Abstract 86
Introduction 86
Flightin 87
Zeelins 93
Stretchin-MLCK 94
Concluding Remarks 95
Note Added in Proof 95
8. Structure of the Insect Thick Filaments 97
Gemot Beinbrech and Gereon Ader
Abstract 97
Introduction 97
Substructures in Transverse Sections of Myosin Filaments 99
Assembly Properties of Myosin and Light Meromyosin Fragments.... 102
Filament Models 103
Concluding Remarks 108
9. Actin and Arthrin 110
John C. Sparrow
Dedication 110
Abstract 110
Introduction 110
G-Actin Properties Ill
F-Actin Properties Ill
Actin Isoforms 113
IFM-Specific Actin 119
Post-Translational Modifications of Insect Flight Muscle
Specific Actins 120
Actomyosin Interactions 122
Actin Molecular Genetics 123
10. Troponin, Tropomyosin and GST-2 126
Alberto Fernis
Abstract 126
Troponin Complex Components 126
Tropomyosin 131
Regulation of Thin Filament Encoding Genes 132
GST-2 132
Proteome Data for Drosophila Thin Filament Proteins 133
Searching for Protein-to-Protein Interactions in Vivo 134
Stretch Activation.. 134
Features of Clinical Interest 136
Open Questions and Future Prospects 136
11. The Thin Filament in Insect Flight Muscle 141
Kevin R. Leonard and Belinda Bullard
Abstract 141
Introduction 141
Muscle Lattice Parameters 142
Thin Filament Proteins 142
High Resolution Structural Studies 146
Concluding Remarks 147
12. The Insect Z-Band 150
Judith D. Saide
Abstract 150
Z-Band Anatomy 150
Z-Band Proteins 155
Concluding Remarks 162
Note Added in Proof 162
13. Projectin, the Elastic Protein of the C-Filaments 167
Agnes Ayme-Southgate and Richard Southgate
The Original Experiments Linking Projectin to the IFMs
C-Filaments and Their Proposed Role in Muscle Elasticity 167
The Different Projectin-Related Proteins Found in Various
Species: Arthropods and Nematodes 167
Complete Domain Structure of Drosophila Projectin 168
Projectin Isoforms and Alternative Splicing 169
Possible Functions of the Different Projectin Domains Based
on Analogies with Other Family Members 171
Kinase Activity and Phosphorylation 172
Projectin Mutant Alleles and Their Phenotypes 172
Future Prospects 173
14. Some Functions of Proteins from the Drosophila sallimus (sis) Gene .... 177
Belinda Bullard, Mark C. Leake and Kevin Leonard
Abstract 177
Introduction 177
sis, the Gene 178
Sis, the Protein 179
Sis in the Drosophila Embryo 181
Sis and Myoblast Fusion 182
Kettin as a Spring 183
Concluding Remarks 184
Section III—Towards a Systems Level Analysis of Muscle 187
From the Outside In
15. Sustained High Power Performance: Possible Strategies
for Integrating Energy Supply and Demand in Flight Muscle 188
Vivek Vishnudas and Jim O. Vigoreaux
Abstract 188
Introduction 188
Meeting the Energetic Demands of Flight 189
The Role of Glycolytic Enzymes 190
The Role of the Phosphagen System in Insect Flight Muscle 191
Nucleotide Transport—The Challenge for Asynchronous Muscles ... 191
Concluding Remarks 194
16. X-Ray Diffraction of Indirect Flight Muscle from Drosophila
in Vivo 197
Thomas C. Irving
Abstract 197
Introduction 197
Methods for Obtaining X-Ray Diffraction Patterns
from Drosophila 198
Diffraction Patterns from Drosophila IFM 203
Concluding Remarks 211
Note Added in Proof 211
17. Functional and Ecological Effects of Isoform Variation
in Insect Flight Muscle 214
James H. Marden
Abstract 214
Introduction 215
Nature's Versatile Engine 215
The Underlying Genetics: An Underinflated Genome
and a Hyperinflated Transcriptome and Proteome 216
Functional Effects of Isoform Variation 219
Alternative Splicing and the Generation of Combinatorial
Complexity 220
Functional Consequences of Naturally Occurring
Isoform Variation 220
18. Muscle Systems Design and Integration 230
Fritz- OlafLehmann
Abstract 230
Power Requirements for Flight 230
Power Reduction 233
Power Constraints on Steering Capacity 234
Balancing Power and Control 236
Changes in Muscle Efficiency in Vivo 238
Concluding Remarks 239
From the Inside Out
19. Molecular Assays for Acto-Myosin Interactions 242
John C. Sparrow and Michael A. Geeves
Abstract 242
Introduction 242
Myosin Purification and Preparation of the SI Fragment 243
Purification of Flight Muscle Actin 244
Assays of Myosin and Acto-Myosin 244
Major Conclusions Relating to the Enzymatic Properties
of Insect Flight Muscle Acto-Myosin 247
Major Questions about Insect Flight Muscle Acto-Myosin
Kinetics That Remain 249
20. Insect Flight Muscle Chemomechanics 251
David Maughan and Douglas Swank
Abstract 251
Methods of Measuring Mechanical Properties of Insect Muscle 251
Fundamentals of Cross-Bridge Kinetics 256
Chemomechanics of Lethocerus Flight Muscle 258
Chemomechanics of Drosophila Muscle Myosin 259
The Role of the Myosin Heavy Chain Alternative Exons
in Setting Fiber Kinetics 261
Myosin Cross-Bridge Rate Constants 262
Roles of Other Sarcomeric Proteins That Influence Chemomechanics... 263
Concluding Remarks 265
21. Mapping Myofibrillar Protein Interactions
by Mutational Proteomics 270
Joshua A. Henkin and Jim O. Vigoreaux
Abstract 270
Introduction 270
A Glossary of Protein Interactions 271
Large Scale Approaches to Protein-Protein Interactions:
An Overview 273
Mutational Proteomics in Drosophila: A Primer 274
Flightin-Myosin Interaction: A Case Study
of Mutational Proteomics 279
Concluding Remarks 280
Index 285
= == EDITOR —=
Jim O. Vigoreaux
Department of Biology
and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
Cell and Molecular Biology Program
University of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A.
Email: [email protected]
Chapters 7, 15> 21
CONTRIBUTORS
Gereon Ader Gemot Beinbrech
Institut fur Zoophysiologie Institut fur Zoophysiologie
Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat
Munster Munster
Minister, Germany Munster, Germany
Chapter 8 Email: [email protected]
Chapter 8
Juan Jose Arredondo
Departamento de Bioquimica Sanford I. Bernstein
Facultad de Medicina Department of Biology
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid San Diego State University
Madrid, Spain San Diego, California, U.S.A.
Chapter 6 Email: [email protected]
Chapter 5
Agnes Ayme-Southgate
Department of Biology Belinda Bullard
College of Charleston European Molecular Biology Laboratory
Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A. Heidelberg, Germany
Email: [email protected] Email:
Chapter 13 belinda. bullard@embl-heidelberg. de
Chapters 11, 14
Byron Barton
Department of Biology Margarita Cervera
University of Vermont Departamento de Bioquimica
Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A. Facultad de Medicina
Email: [email protected] Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
Chapter 7 Madrid, Spain
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 6