Nature’s Pharmacopeia: A World of Medicinal Plants PDF
Preview Nature’s Pharmacopeia: A World of Medicinal Plants
Nature’s Pharmacopeia NATURE’S PHARMACOPEIA A World of Medicinal Plants DAN CHOFFNES COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright © 2016 Dan Choffnes All rights reserved EISBN 978-0-231-54015-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Choffnes, Dan, author. Nature’s pharmacopeia : a world of medicinal plants / Dan Choffnes. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-231-16660-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-231-16661-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-231-54015-5 (e-book) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Plants, Medicinal. 2. Ethnobotany—history. 3. Phytotherapy. QV 766] RS164 615.3’21—dc23 2015020788 A Columbia University Press E-book. CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at cup- [email protected]. COVER DESIGN: Milenda Nan Ok Lee COVER IMAGE: @ Getty Images References to Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. Contents Preface Note to the Reader Introduction Chapter 1 Concepts of Ethnomedicine Traditional Medicine in East Asia Traditional Medicine in South Asia Traditional Medicine in the Americas Traditional Medicine in Africa Shared Features of Medical Systems Traditional Medicine of the Mediterranean The Humoral System: Fifteen Centuries of Medical Doctrine Undercurrents in European Medical Practice: Mysticism and the Doctrine of Signatures The Linnaean Biological Classification Scheme Empiricism in Medicine The Scientific Method Plurality, Evolution, and Synthesis: Medical Traditions in Perspective Chapter 2 The Regulation of Drugs Drugs as Poisons, Spiritual Aids, and Agents of Social Bonding Diverse Professions Specialized in Supplying Medicinal Plants The American Herbal Medical Traditions Drug Regulation in the United States Chapter 3 The Actions of Medicinal Plants Actions of Medicinal Plants and Their Derivatives Digestive System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Urinary System Reproductive System Musculoskeletal System Immune System and Infectious Disease Chapter 4 The Actions of Medicinal Plants on the Nervous System Central Nervous System: Structure and Function Peripheral Nervous System: Structure and Function Neurons Neurotransmitters Complexity of Psychoactive Drug Action Tolerance, Dependence, and Addiction Classification of Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Plant Compounds in Contemporary Neuroscience Chapter 5 Poppy Ancient Use in the Mediterranean Region Opium as World Medicine Opium in China Opium in Nineteenth-and Twentieth-Century Western Medicine Opium Culture in the United States Mechanism of Action Chapter 6 Coca Ancient Use in the Andean Region Coca and the Spanish Conquest Isolation of Coca’s Active Principle Cocaine in Nineteenth-Century European Medicine Coca-Cola Sigmund Freud and the Promotion of Cocaine Path to Criminalization in the United States Mechanism of Action Chapter 7 Peyote Origins and Ancient Use in North America Peyote Among the Huichol The Native American Church Isolation of Peyote’s Active Principle Opening the Doors of Perception Mechanism of Action Chapter 8 Wormwood Ancient Use in Medicine Absinthe Mechanism of Action Chapter 9 Hemp Origins and Role in Ancient Eurasian Ritual and Medicine Cannabis Culture in South Asia Rediscovery of Medicinal Hemp in Europe Hemp in the United States Mechanism of Action Chapter 10 Coffee Origins of Use in Africa and Arabia Coffeehouse Culture and the World Coffee Economy Medicine or Poison? The New American Coffeehouse The Processing of Coffee
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