Nature, particularly the insect fauna of Ladoga and Olonets Karelia

8 Pages·1995·4.5 MB·

by  Antti Pekkarinen

© Entomologica Fennica. 5 December 1995
Nature, particularly the insect fauna of Ladoga and Olonets
Karelia
Antti Pekkarinen & Larry Holden
Pekkarinen, A. & Hulden, L. 1995: Nature, particularly the insect fauna of
Ladoga and Olonets Karelia.-Entomol. Fennica 6:57-64.
The geology, vegetation, entomological studies, postglacial immigration of
insects and characteristics of the insect fauna in southern Russian Karelia are
reviewed, with examples of eastern and southern plant and insect species
recorded in Russian Karelia, but not recorded or recorded to very limited
extent in southern Finland. The management of forests and agriculture in
Russian Karelia have been, during the Soviet period much less effective, and
thus habitats have retained more diversity than in southern Finland. Recent
studies indicate that many species considered threatened in Finland occur
abundantly in Russian Karelia.
Antti Pekkarinen, Department of Ecology and Systematics, P.O. Box 17,
FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Larry Hulden, Zoological Museum, P.O. Box 17, FIN-00014 University of
Helsinki, Finland
1. Bedrock the eastern part of Ladoga Karelia (in the Salmi
area), rapakivi granite, and on the southwestern
Ladoga (Laatokka in Finnish) and Olonets (Aunus coast of Lake Onega, Jotnian sandstone form fairly
in Finnish) Karelia comprises the biogeographic large and continuous areas of bedrock. On the north
provinces of Karelia ladogensis (Kl) and Karelia western coast of Lake Onega (which belongs to
olonetsensis (Kol) in the western, northern and north Karelia onegensis) is a large area of diabases and
eastern side of Lake Ladoga in Russia (Fig. 1). The greenstones, also rich in dolomite and phyllite.
area belongs largely to the basement rock area of Heavy glacial sand and gravel deposits, locally
Fennoscandia (Fig. 2). The border between the ar perhaps over 200 m thick (Kotilainen 1944a), cover
eas of basement rock and sedimentary rocks ex the bedrock all over the southwestern part of Olonets
tends to a little north of the River Svir (Eskola Karelia (as well as the Karelian Isthmus between Lake
1942, Gorbunov & Papunen 1985). In the western Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland). A zone of Cambro
part of Ladoga Karelia, migmatites are the domi Silurian deposits covering northern Estonia and the
nant rock. The area around Sortavala is connected islands of Gotland and C>land reaches to the River
to a large mica schist zone of the ancient Karelidic Svir (Sederholm 1931) and occurs also on most of
mountains. In addition, rich dolomite and calcite the Karelian Isthmus under the glacial deposits.
deposits exist near Sortavala, especially in Kirja Devonian deposits are also suggested as occurring
valahti, Ruskeala and Pitkaranta (Karhu 1993). In locally in Olonets Karelia (Kotilainen 1944a,b).
58 Pekkarinen & Hulden: Ladoga and Olonets Karelia • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 6
' .. "<.~············"
\_
RUSSIA
Kton
Fig. 1. Biogeographical
provinces of south-east
ern Fennoscandia.
Kb = Karelia borealis;
Sa= Savonia australis;
Ka = Karelia australis;
Kl = Karelia ladogensis;
lk = Isthmus karelicus;
Kon = Karelia onegen
sis; Kol = Karelia olonet
Gulf of Finland 100km sensis; Kton = Karelia
transonegensis.
bG
1
~ 2
~ 3
[] Fig. 2. Simplified outline
. 4 of exposed geology of
south-eastern Fenno
II
5 scandia. 1 = NW bor
derline of sedimentary
~- 6 rocks (Cambro-Silurian
deposits); 2 =Basement
rock or varved clay and
silt; 3 = Homogeneous
clay and silt; 4 =Quater
nary moraine and sand;
5 =Outstanding calcifer
......... ous deposits; 6 = Jotnian
sandstone (partly covered
. . . .· . .. · .. ·. . cbeys m: Goroaribneu)n. oMv a&in P saopuur
. . ... .. .. . nen (1985) and Nie
... mela, Ekman & Luka
shov (1993).
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 6 • Pekkarinen & Hulden: Ladoga and Olonets Karelia 59
2. The southeastern border of Fenno Hustich (1943), that of in the Kuujarvi area near the
scandia in Olonets Karelia middle course of Svir by Hustich ( 1945) and in the
the sandstone or Devonian area in Juksova by
The geologist W. Ramsay (1898:4) originally pro Perttula (1944). The northwestern coast of Lake
posed the name "Fennoscandia" for the area com Onega (in Karelia onegensis) is vegetationally pos
ptising Scandinavia, Finland, eastern Karelia and sibly the richest area in eastern Karelia (Linkola
Kola. Furthermore, the geologist P. Eskola (1942) 1918, Kalela 1943:46) (description of the vegeta
emphasized that the geological border on western tion, see Fagerstrom 1944). Linkola (1932) de
side of the River Onega is the most abrupt in the scribes the luxuriant nature of the northwestern
whole of Europe. As early as 1837 Wirzen sug Onega coast with its fjord-like slender bays, many
gested that the southeastern border of "natural-his lakes and rich slopes as "paradisal"! However, there
tory Finland" should follow the River Svir, and the is local eutrophic vegetation even in the area of the
founder of Finnish plantgeography J. P. NotTlin glacial deposits on the Olonets Isthmus; Kotilainen
(1871) held the same opinion. The border was, ( 1944a,b) supposed that locally spring water brings
however, later drawn north of the Svir mainly ac nutrients from the Cambro-Devonian rock through
cording to the proposal of Cajander ( 1900). Later, the moraine and sand deposits in so-called prime
Kotilainen especially (1943a,b,c) (see also Hiitonen val valleys, "Urstromhaler", worn by ancient riv
1961) presented strong, mainly botanical arguments ers. Further, a remarkable character is the coexist
placing the border of Fennoscandia along the Svir. ence of southern and northern plant species
On modern maps the southeastern border of the (Kotilainen 1944a).
biogeographic province of Olonets Karelia follows Most of the flora in Ladoga and Olonets Karelia
the River Svir. is shared with southern Finland. There are, how
ever, about forty phanerogame species recorded in
the area and which do not occur in southern Finland
3. Vegetation or occur only in a very limited area in southeastern
Finland. Following are some examples (data mainly
The vegetation in Ladoga and Olonets Karelia is in from Hulten 1971):
broad outline similar to that of southern Finland,
1. Eastern species not recorded in southern Scandinavia
and the area belongs (like most of southern Fin
or southern Finland: Scirpus ovatus, Rumex rossicus,
land) to the southern boreal vegetational zone (Ahti Sempervivum soboliferum, Allium strictum (a com
et al. 1968). The Sortavala area in the northwestern pletely isolated occurrence in Ladoga Karelia), Rubus
corner of Ladoga is well known for the richness of humulifolius (an isolated but later extinct occurrence
its vegetation which is dependent upon the calcifer in central Finland), Potentilla strigosa, Conioselum
vaginatum, Lonicera coerulea (a few isolated records
ous deposits of the area (Linkola 1916, 1931, 1932).
in central and northern Sweden), Ligularia sibirica
The northwestern coast of Ladoga is rugged, with
and Crepis sibirica.
many rocky isles and and fjord-like bays. The coast
2. Mainly southern species recorded in the southern part of
between Salmi and the River Svir is covered by eastern Karelia and Scandinavia but not in Finland or
glacial sand and gravel; even dyne biotopes are only in a very limited area in the southeastern part of the
typical here. The vegetation is generally fairly poor country (the latter marked with an asterisk): Polygonum
in the large glacial sand and gravel area of the bistortatum (hemerochorous in some localities in southern
Finland), *Thalictrumaquilegiifolium, Rubus nessensis,
Olonets Isthmus between the lakes Ladoga and
Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Cnidium dubium, Gentiana
Onega, but distinctly more rich in the sandstone
pneumonanthe, Dracocephalum ruyschiana and Cirsium
area of the southwestern side of Lake Onega oleraceum (hemerochorous in southern Finland).
(Linkola 1918, 1932). The vegetation on the west 3. A species whith a large, but isolated range in central
ern coast of Lake Onega has been studied already and northern Scandinavia and a continuous distribu
in the last century by Norrlin (1871) and Cajander tion over eastern Eurasia, but occurring in Finland
only in a very limited area near the southeastern bor
& Lindroth (1900) and that of the riverside of Svir
der of the country: Aconitum septentrionale (see also
by Elfving (1878). Afterwards, the vegetation in
Fries 1949).
the Gumbaritza and Kuuttilahti areas near the mouth 4. Northern species: Salix myrsinites, Cerastium alpinum,
of Svir has been described by Palmen (1943) and Minuartia verna and Saxifraga groenlandica.
60 Pekkarinen & Hulden: Ladoga and Olonets Karelia • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 6
4. Entomological studies in the area during the two summers 1942-43); e.g. J. Carpelan,
W. Hellen, W. Hackman, 0. Heikinheimo, D.
Research on insect fauna in eastern Karelia began Hemdahl, J. Kaisila, E. Kangas, J. Kangas, V.
in the second half of the last century. From that Karvonen, M. Kononen, T. Kontuniemi, H.
period the name of Alexander Gunther is especially Krogerus, P. Niemela, E. Palmen, 0. Peltonen, S.
worth mentioning. He was an apothecary in Petro Platonoff, M. Pohjola, 0. Renkonen, U. Saalas, E.
zavodsk who collected insects during the years Thuneberg, 0. Vaartaja, L. Tiensuu and T. Ayrapaa.
1859-1899. He maintained lively contacts with The most remarkable studies based on insect mate
many Finnish biologists and published lists and rial collected in eastern Karelia during that war
reports on Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and plants from were those of Palmen & Platonoff ( 194 3), Karvonen
Olonets and Onega Karelia (e.g. 1896a,b). Among (1945), Palmen (1946), Kaisila (1944, 1947), Pel
other entomologists who studied insects in Ladoga tonen (1947) and Kontuniemi (1965). Lauri Tiensuu
and Olonets Karelia in the last century were J. M. J. wrote a large manuscript about Diptera of Karelia
afTengstrom, J. Sahlberg, K. J. Ehnberg, B. Poppius olonetsensis and onegensis. Regrettably, Tiensuu
and A. Westerlund (see also Saalas 1942, 1960, never completed this valuable work, which is largely
Kaisila 1947). Remarkable studies were those of based on his own collections and observations (d ur
Sahlberg (1871), Westerlund (1893), Poppius (1899) ing 1941--44) and in which he identified 1280
and Blocker (1909). dipteran species from the area. The manuscript is
John Sahlberg made an expedition to Olonets, preserved in the Zoological Museum of the Univer
Onega and Pomoria Karelia during the three sum sity of Helsinki.
mer months in 1869 and Gunther helped him much After the Second World War, eastern Karelia
during the expedition. After Sahlberg' s return home, was again closed to Finnish entomologists for al
he wrote to the Swedish entomologists C. G. most forty years. However, Russian entomologists
Thomson in Lund (originally in Swedish; the trans gradually began their research at the Karelian Branch
lation from Finnish in Saalas 1960): of the Academy of Sciences in Petrozavodsk. Dur
ing the last fifteen years Finnish and Russian ento
"My travel was unfavorable since the weather was
often very rainy and inconvenient for collecting insects. mologists in Karelia have maintained contacts which
However, I am very satisfied for the results. The insect have produced fruitful joint work in various areas
fauna in Russian Karelia is very interesting and richly of entomology. In this joint work Dr. E. B. Jakovlev
compensates to an entomologist all the pains and repul
has been the leader on the Russian side. The studies
siveness, which he has to endure when staying in the
made by Russian entomologists in eastern Karelia
company of savage and squalid inhabitants. - The most
during the last few decades will possibly be re
interesting characteristic in the fauna of the district was the
occurrence of arctic species together with those actually viewed in another context.
belonging to more southern districts."
After the First World War the whole Russian
Karelia was inaccessible for Finnish entomologists. 5. Postglacial immigration of insects to
However, because Ladoga Karelia was part of Fin Karelia
land until the Second World War, many Finnish
entomologists collected insects in that area, such as Large areas of eastern Karelia from the Karelian
A. J. Silfvenius (by the beginning of this century), Isthmus to the White Sea were already deglaciated
J. Kaisila, M. Kononen, J. Koponen, S. Platonoff about 12000-11000 years B .P. during the mild
and L. Tiensuu. Notable entomofaunistic studies AllerOd period (Hyvarinen 1973, 1975). The main
were those of Silfvenius (1902, 1906), Tiensuu part of deglaciated eastern Karelia was dry land,
(1933, 1935) and Platonoff (1938). Finland lost whereas southern Finland was largely covered by
Ladoga Karelia to the Soviet Union in the Moscow water. Most of the Karelian Isthmus was also sub
peace of 1940, but later during the Second World merged during the Baltic Ice Lake (12000-10200
War the Finnish troops occupied former Finnish years B .P.) and a wide former outlet of Ladoga in
Karelia and most of Russian Karelia. Despite the the northern part of the Istmus closed the land
war, many Finnish entomologists collected and stud connection during the transgression of the Ancylus
ied insects in various areas of eastern Karelia (mainly Lake (9500-8500 years B.P.). Thus the Olonets
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 6 • Pekkarinen & Hulden: Ladoga and Olonets Karelia 61
Isthmus has for a long time been an important 2. Southern Scandinavian and Karelian: species
immigration route for fauna and flora dispersing which have dispersed to Fennoscandia both from
after deglaciation from the southeast to Finland the south to Scandinavia and from the southeast
(see also Kalela 1943:40, 1961). Coexistent occur to Karelia and possibly also to Finland.
rence of boreal and southern elements of the biota
in Ladoga, Olonets and Onega Karelia are at least
partly due to this early dispersion (Kotilainen 1944c, 6. Insect fauna in southern Russian
Kaisila 1947). Karelia
Subfossil remains of beetles and some other
insects living in arctic environments have been found Like the vegetation, also the insect fauna in Ladoga
on the Karelian Isthmus (Lindberg 1908, Poppius and Olonets Karelia is fairly similar to that of south
1911) and in the Salpausselka foreland in Finnish ern Finland, yet, some characteristics of the fauna
Karelia (Bondestam et al. 1994). These remains differ from those of more western parts of Fenno
have been dated to the Younger Dryas period about scandia. Concerning the Macrolepidoptera of the
10000 years B.P. and indicate arctic conditions in Olonets area (Karelia olonetsensis and onegensis),
an open tundra-like environment. Bondestam et al. Kaisila (1947) gave the following special features
( 1994) demonstrated that arctic and subarctic insect (compared with those of southern Finland):
and plant species disappeared after about 9500 B.P.,
1. Several northern species occur in more south
and new more southern species dispersed to south
em localities and southern species in more nmth
em Karelia. This change in fauna was fairly sudden
em localities.
and connected with a great and rapid climatic amel
2. The proportion of the species with a Boreo
ioration somewhat after 10000 B.P. However,
continental distribution is greater.
Lindroth (1949:721) suggested (mainly on the ba
3. Species with an Atlantic distribution are al
sis of the arguments ofHyyppa 1933 and Kalela
most lacking.
1943; see also Kalela 1961) that the arctic and
4. The proportion of the species living in habitats
subarctic insect species recorded in southern Karelia
influenced by man is lower.
could not reach the ~jeld-region of Finland by means
of immigration from the southeast. Lindroth as As reasons for these features Kaisila (1947)
sumed that many of them immigrated either from suggested ( 1) poor habitats in large glacial sand and
western (or northern) refugia or from northern Rus gravel areas (favorable for northern species) but, on
sia through the Kola Peninsula or possibly even the other hand, very rich habitats especially in cal
from a glacial refuge near the western (present) ciferous areas (favorable for southern species), (2)
White sea. According to calculations by Sauramo a more continental climate, (3) the distributional
(1958:432), the land connection between the Kola history and ( 4) scattered human settlement.
and Kanin Penisulas has really existed in the begin Certainly many eastern insect species are more
ning of the Bolling period about 13000 years B.P., common in Russian Karelia than in Finland. Many
and according to Hyvarinen (1975) (see also Eronen species have also been recorded in the southern part
& Haila 1992) as late as in the Younger Dryas of Russian Karelia, but not in southern Finland or
period about 10500 years B.P. Several plant and in only a very limited area in southeastern Finland
insect species recorded in Fennoscandia only on (the latter marked with asterisk). The following are
the Kola Penisula also indicate the Kanin-Kola some examples:
dispersal route. However, the main portion of the
1. Eastern or southern species not recorded in Scandinavia
fauna in Finland has dispersed through Karelia, and
(the Karelian immigration): Erebia euryale euryaloides
Palmen & Platonoff (1943) separated two different
Tengstrtim, Charadrina grisea (Eversmann), *Auto
postglacial Karelian immigration elements from the
grapha excelsa (Kretschmar), Bombus patagiatus
southeast: Nylander, *B. semenoviellus Skorikov (see also Elfving
1965), Polistes nimpha (Christ), Carabus menetriesi
I. Karelian: species which have dispersed from
Hummel, Elaphrus angusticollis F. Sahlberg, Hephathus
the southeast (a) only to Karelia, (b) also to
nanus (Herrich-Schliffer), Neoliturus fenestra/us
Finland or (c) also to Scandinavia around the (Herrich-Schliffer), Mongolajassus bicuspidatus (J. Sahl
Gulf ofBothnia. berg), Chorthippus pullus (Philippi).
62 Pekkarinen & Hulden: Ladoga and Olonets Karelia • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 6
2. Southern species recorded also in southern Scandinavia truncatus Fieber. On the other hand, 55% of Hy
(the southern Scandinavian and Karel ian immigration): menoptera (mainly saw lies and aculeates) and 40%
*Araschnia Ievana (Linnaeus), *De/tote bankiana of Lepidoptera considered threatened in Finland
(Fabricius), Empis puncta/a (Meigen), Pterocheilus
are living in various grassland and other man-made
phaleratus (Panzer) (see also Erlandsson 1968), Halictus
habitats (Rassi eta!. 1992). Consequently, change
quadricinctus (Fabricius), Pemphredonmortifer Valkeila,
Dyschirius intermedius Putzeys, 8/ediusfilipes Sharp, of agricultural habitats, especially the disappear
Eupte1yx aura/a (Linnaeus) and Bryodema tubercula/a ance of dry meadows and the general decrease of
(Fabticius) (an isolated population was recently recorded flowering fields are considered the most impor
in southwestern Finland, Vaisanen et al. 199 I). tant reason for the decline and disappearance of
3. Species which have isolated range in central and north
several lepidopteran species in Finland (Mikkola
ern Scandinavia: *Ciossiana thore (Hubner) (see also
1987). In all probability, also many of these spe
Pekkarinen 1977), *Bombus consobrinus Dahlbom
(oligolectic on Aconitum septentrionale, see also Loken cies occur more abundantly in Russian Karelia
1973, Pekkarinen 1979). than in Finland.
4. Northern species: Colostygia turbata (Hubner), In the future, forestry and agriculture in Rus
Hydropsyche Silfvenii Ulmer, Psammotettix frigidus sian Karelia will certainly become more effec
(Boheman).
tive, and diversity in Nature will diminish. For
During the Soviet period, forestry and agricul example, large logging projects are already in
ture in eastern Karelia were quite different from operation. However, the great difference in hu
and not at all as intensive as in Finland or Scandina man influence on Nature in Russian and in Finn
via. Large old primeval forests in Russian Karelia ish Karelia will for a long time give extraordinar
and managed forests were not subjected to repeated ily good possibilities for comparative studies of
intermediate cuttings. Plenty of decaying wood re the impoverishment process in Nature caused by
mained in forests, and large dead aspens are com the modern forestry and agriculture.
mon in old mixed forests. In agriculture, stock
Acknowledgements. We are grateful for advice or other
raising and growing of root plants and vegetables
help to the following persons: Mrs. Sirkka-Liisa Nyeki,
were dominant, and cultivation of bread grain
Mrs. Marjatta Rautiala, Dr. Antti Jansson, Mr. Paavo
minute. Uncultivated and often pastured dry Koponen, Mr. Ilpo Mannerkoski and Dr. Hans Silfverberg.
grasslands, meadows and forest meadows are still
common in settled areas. Thus, forest and agricul
tural habitats are for the present much more diversi References
fied in Russian Karelia than the same habitats in
southern Finland. In consequence, several insect Ahti, T., Hiimet-Ahti, L. & Jalas, J. 1968: Vegetation
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Ann. Bot. Fennici 5:169-210.
Finland may show a considerably rich occurrence
Blocker, G. F. (6Jt4UKep, r. <P ). 1909: [Revision of the
in Russian Karelia.
Macrolepidoptera fauna of Olonets Government]. -
Nearly 50% of all terrestrial insect species con
Russ. Entomol. Obozr. 9:3-13 (in Russian, German
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(64%), Coleoptera (53%) and Heteroptera (52%) Eskonen, K. 1994: Younger Dryas and Preboreal in
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