Nature of biology 2: VCE units 3 & 4 PDF
Preview Nature of biology 2: VCE units 3 & 4
Judith KINNEAR | Marjory MARTIN NATURE OF BIOLOGY VCE UNITS 3 AND 4 FIFTH EDITION 2 nature of biology VCE Units 3 and 4 fifth edition 2 nature of biology VCE Units 3 and 4 fifth edition 2 Judith Kinnear Marjory Martin Fifth edition published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064 First edition published 1992 Second edition published 2000 Third edition published 2006 Fourth edition published 2013 Typeset in 10.5/12 pt Utopia Std © Judith Kinnear and Marjory Martin 1992, 2000, 2006, 2013, 2017 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Kinnear, Judith, author. Title: Nature of biology. Book 2: VCE units 3 and 4 / Judith Kinnear, Marjory Martin. Edition: Fifth edition. ISBN: 978-0-7303-2878-0 (set) 978-0-7303-2882-7 (ebook) 978-0-7303-2879-7 (paperback) 978-0-7303-3110-0 (studyON) Notes: Includes index. Target Audience: For secondary school age. Subjects: Biology—Study and teaching (Secondary) Biology—Textbooks. Biology—Problems, exercises, etc. Victorian Certificate of Education examination—Study guides. Other Creators/ Contributors: Martin, Marjory, author. Dewey Number: 570.712 Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL). Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (such as a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review), no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. 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Contents Preface x Explaining enzyme specificity 86 About eBookPLUS and studyon xi Mode of action of enzymes 87 About this book xii Factors affecting enzyme activity 90 Enzymes can be inhibited 92 Acknowledgements xiv Enzyme’s little helpers 95 Biologist at work 97 Unit 3 BioChallenge 99 Chapter review 100 AreA of study 1 ChApter 4 ChApter 1 energy transfers and Cells: a review 1 transformations 103 Cells: the basic units of life 2 Prokaryotes: no nuclear envelope! 8 Life support in space 104 Plasma membrane: the gatekeeper 11 Photosynthesis: energy from the sun 109 Functions of the plasma membrane 16 Photosynthesis in action 119 Crossing the plasma membrane 18 Rate of photosynthesis 127 the role of different organelles in the export dangers in confined spaces 129 of protein from the cell 29 Purpose of cellular respiration 132 Biology in the workplace 33 stages of aerobic respiration 142 BioChallenge 34 Mitochondria: the powerhouses 149 Chapter review 35 BioChallenge 154 ChApter 2 Chapter review 155 nucleic acids and proteins: a review 39 AreA of study 2 Organic molecules 40 nucleic acids 41 ChApter 5 Gene structure 44 Cellular signals 159 Gene sequencing 44 signals for communication 160 nature of the genetic code 47 stages in ‘cell chatter’ 165 Proteins 50 Chemical signals in animals 171 a closer look at a gene 57 Chemical signalling in plants 185 Protein synthesis 59 Chemical signals: plant hormones 186 transcription: copying the original 59 apoptosis: programmed cell death 205 translation: decoding genetic instructions 61 BioChallenge 213 Genes have various functions 66 Chapter review 214 time and place for everything 67 Gene regulation in bacteria 71 ChApter 6 BioChallenge 73 Pathogens all around us 217 Chapter review 74 Bubonic plague or black death 218 ChApter 3 the germ theory of disease 222 enzymes and biochemical pathways 77 Microbes are all around us 225 the plague of the sea 78 Pathogens: cellular and non-cellular 232 What is an enzyme? 81 Meet some pathogens! 236 Bacteria and human diseases 236 Biologist at work 406 Viruses: non-cellular pathogens 245 speciation 408 Prions: a new kind of pathogen 253 Mutations: source of new alleles 410 Other prion diseases 256 types of mutations 416 self or non-self? 260 Manipulating gene pools 422 transplantation in australia 265 selective breeding in action 423 BioChallenge 272 technologies in selective breeding 429 Chapter review 274 Biologists at work 436 BioChallenge 438 ChApter 7 Chapter review 439 immune defences against ChApter 10 pathogens 277 Changes in biodiversity over time 443 inflammation of the gut 278 species: unchanging or not? 444 immunity: defence against infection 279 time scales in evolution 452 the innate immune system 287 How old is it? 456 Cells of the innate immune system 291 Changing life forms over time 461 Humoral innate immunity 298 Fossils: evidence of past life 467 the inflammatory response 302 Evidence of biological change over time 474 the common cold 306 Biologist at work 480 adaptive immunity 308 Biogeography: biogeographic distributions 483 Cells of adaptive immunity 317 Patterns of biological change 487 B cells: antibody factories 319 Biologist at work 495 Biologist at work 321 BioChallenge 499 t cells: helpers and killers 322 Chapter review 500 antigen-presenting cells 325 ChApter 11 Helper t cells 327 how are species related? 503 Biologist at work 330 BioChallenge 331 Being related 504 Chapter review 332 Comparing proteins 508 Comparing dna 510 ChApter 8 the ‘molecular clock’ concept 518 immunity: types and deficiencies 335 showing relatedness 521 Gardasil: a protective vaccine 336 Cichlids of the african Lakes 529 specific immunity 337 BMP4 in darwin’s finches 532 Herd immunity 346 Biology in the workplace 535 the boy in the bubble 349 BioChallenge 536 defects of the immune system 350 Chapter review 538 Monoclonal antibodies 363 ChApter 12 Biologists at work 367 human changes over time 541 BioChallenge 371 Chapter review 373 Our place in the living world 542 Classification of the human species 542 Unit 4 Classifications can change 552 Evolution of the primates 553 Hominin evolution: where did it begin? 556 AreA of study 1 the beginning: the prehuman hominins 565 ChApter 9 scientist at work 567 Changes in genetic make-up the prehuman hominin family 568 the genus Homo: human at last! 576 of populations 377 Views of human evolution 594 Can you drink milk? 378 Changing lifestyles of H. sapiens 596 inherited variation in populations 382 Changes in human populations 599 Genes in populations 392 BioChallenge 608 Change agents in populations 395 Chapter review 609 viii Contents
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