Nature, Man and God in Medieval Islam. Volume I

771 Pages·2016·35.11 MB·English

by  Calverley Edwin E.

NATURE, MAN AND GOD IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
THEOLOGY AND SCIENCE
Texts and Studies
EDITED BY
H. DAIBER and D. PINGREE
VOLUME XLV
VOLUME XLV
NATURE, MAN AND GOD IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM
c ABD ALLAH BAYDAWFs text
Tawali' al-Anwar min Matalic al-Anzar
ALONG WITH
MAHMUD ISFAHANFs commentary
Matalic al-Anzar, Shark Tawalic al-Anwar
EDITED AND TRANSLATED
BY
EDWIN E. CALVERLEY AND JAMES W. POLLOCK
VOLUME ONE
BRILL
LEIDEN • BOSTON • KOLN
2002
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Baydawi, 'Abd Allah ibn 'Umar, d. 1286?
[Tawali' al-anwar min matali' al-anzar. English]
Nature, man and God in medieval Islam : 'Abd Allah Baydawi's text, Tawali'
al-anwar min matali' al-anzar, along with Mahmud Isfahani's commentary,
Matali' al-anzar, sharh Tawali' al-anwar / edited and translated by Edwin E.
Calverley, and James W. Pollock.
p. cm. — (Islamic philosophy, theology and science, ISSN 0169-8729 ;
v. 45)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 9004121021 (set: alk. paper)
1. Islam—Doctrines. 2. Philosophy, Islamic. I. Isfahani, Mahmud ibn 'Abd
al-Rahman, 1275 or 6-1348 or 9. Matali' al-anzar. English. II. Calverley, Edwin
Elliott, 1882-1971. III. Pollock, James W. James Wilson), 1922- IV. Title.
V Series.
BP166.B29513 2001
297.2—dc21 2001035904
Die Deutsche Bibliothek — CIP-Einheitsau£nahme
Nature, man and God in medieval Islam / ed. and transl. by Edwin E.
Calverley and James W. Pollock. - Leiden ; Boston ; Koln : Brill, 2001
(Islamic philosophy, theology and science ; Vol. 45)
ISBN 90-04-12102-1
ISSN 0169-8729
ISBN 90 04 12381 4 (vol. 1)
ISBN 90 04 12382 2 (vol. 2)
ISBN 90 04 12102 1 (set)
© Copyright 2002 by Koninklijke Brill jW, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal
use is granted by Brill provided that
the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright
Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910
Danvers MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE
Acknowledgments xv
Translators' Introduction xvii
A note on the translation, its edition and revision xvii
A note on cAbd Allah Baydawi [d. 1316?] xxvi
A note on Mahmud Isfahani [1276-1348] xxxviii
THE TRANSLATION
Foreword to the Commentary by Mahmud Isfahani 3
Foreword to the Subject Text by cAbd Allah Baydawi .... 9
Isfahani's Commentary to Baydawi's Text begins 10
AUTHORS' INTRODUCTION
STUDIES IN LOGICAL REASONING
Chapter 1: Principles of epistemology 28
1. The two phases of knowing: an alternation
between a. and b 28
a. Concept formation regarding what is being
perceived 28
b. Judgmental assent or dissent to features of the
concept being formed 28
c. Each phase either by intuition or by rational
acquisition of knowledge 28
2. Logical reasoning, the means of such acquisition 42
Chapter 2: Explanatory statements 48
1. Conditions that govern a definition 48
2. Classes of definitions 60
Razi's objections 64
Baydawi's reply to Razi 68
3. Realities definable and definitive 78
VI CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE
Chapter 3: Argumentation 82
1. Kinds of argumentation 82
Analogical deduction 82
Investigative induction 82
Illustrative analogical deduction 82
2. Analogical deduction in the syllogism and its types 88
The hypothetical exceptive syllogism 94
The categorical connective syllogism and the
four figures 98
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4; Summary of figures and moods 100
3. The premised materials of argumentation 123
Argumentation structured on rationality—proof,
rhetoric, fallacy 123
Argumentation structured on authoritative tradition 133
Chapter 4: The distinguishing properties of sound
logical reasoning 137
1. Sound logical reasoning yields knowledge 137
Objections of the Buddhists 139
Objections of the geometricians 147
Corollaries to the yield of knowledge 151
2. Sound logical reasoning is sufficient for knowledge
of God 158
3. Sound logical reasoning is obligatory for knowledge
of God 161
BOOK ONE
REALITIES POSSIBLE
Section 1: Universals
Chapter 1: Classification of things known 171
1. According to the Asha'irah and the Mu'tazilah 171
2. According to the Philosophers and the Mutakallimun 176
Chapter 2: Existence and nonexistence 180
1. The conception of existence is intuitive 180
2. Existence is a commonality among all existents 187
A proof from negation 189
3. Existence is an addition to the quiddities 191
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE Vll
Ashcari's variant argument 196
Special case of the necessary existent 198
The philosophers' variant argument 209
A corollary 211
4. The nonexistent is not a certainty externally 213
Argument of the Muctazilah on the non-existent 217
5. The attribute-state is to be excluded 221
Chapter 3: Quiddity 229
1. On the quiddity itself 229
2. Classes of quiddity 234
Corollary regarding the simple quiddity 239
Corollary regarding the composite quiddity with
distinguishable parts 241
Corollary regarding the composite quiddity with
interpenetrating parts 242
3. Individuation 243
Whether individuation is existential 247
The philosophers' corollary 250
Chapter 4: Necessity and possibility, eternity and
temporality 255
1. These subjects are intellectual entities having no
external existence 255
2. The distinguishing properties of necessity 261
3. The distinguishing properties of possibility 266
The possibility makes a possible reality have need
for a cause 266
Neither state of a possible reality has priority 281
A possible reality's existence depends upon an
effective cause 283
A possible reality needs its effective cause as long
as it exists 284
4. Eternity 287
5. Temporality 290
Chapter 5: Singularity and plurality 300
1. On the real nature of singularity and plurality 300
Singularity is not the opposite of plurality in essence 304
2. Classes of singularities 307
Mil CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE
3. Classes of plurality 310
Objections regarding the black/white contrast 319
Some corollaries 320
Chapter 6: Cause and effect 326
1. Classes of cause 326
2. Multiple causes and effects 329
3. The difference between the cause's effective part and
its limiting condition 336
4. Whether one thing can be both receiver and agent
of causation simultaneously 336
Section 2: Accidents
Chapter 1: General topics 341
1. The various kinds of accidental qualities 341
2. The impossibility of accidents transiting between
substrates 346
3. Whether an accident can subsist in another
accident 348
4. Whether accidents have permanent continuance 351
5. The impossibility of one accident subsisting in two
substrates at once 355
Chapter 2: Quantity 360
1. Classes of quantity 360
2. Quantity in its essence and as an accident 363
3. On the nonexistential nature of quantities 365
4. Time duration 372
The external existence of time duration: arguments
against 372
The external existence of time duration: arguments for .... 373
Theories on the nature of time duration 381
5. Place and void 387
Theories of place 387
Chapter 3: Quality 405
1. Sensate qualities 405
Classes of sensate qualities 405
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE IX
Touch sensations 408
Temperature: heat 408
Temperature: cold 411
Humidity 412
Weight 413
Texture 416
Vision sensations 418
Color strength 421
Nature of light 422
Hearing sensations 427
Taste sensations 431
Smell sensations 433
2. Psychic qualities 434
The living nature [or, life and its absence] 434
Perception and knowledge 439
Corollaries to the mental form 457
The rational soul's four stages of intellectual
development 460
The power of autonomous action and the willing
nature 463
Pleasure and pain are self-evident concepts 469
Health and illness and related emotions 474
3. Qualities specific to quantities 476
4. Qualities of predisposition 477
Chapter 4: Accidents of relation 479
1. Whether they appear in external existence 479
2. The case of 'place-where' 482
Gradual motion-change in quantity, quality,
position and place-where 488
General factors necessarily involved in gradual
motion-change 498
Types of force required to make gradual
motion-change necessary 506
Whether quiescence occurs when straight-line
motion changes direction 510
3. The case of the adjunctive relationship 512
On priority in the adjunctive relationship 518