Nature, Environment, and Activism in Nigerian Literature Nature, Environment, and Activism in Nigerian Literature is a critical study of environmental writing, covering a range of genres and generations of writers in Nigeria. W ith a sustained concentration on the Nigerian experience in postcolonial ecocriticism, the book pays attention to textual strategies as well as distinctive historicity at the heart of the ecological force in contemporary writing. Focusing on nature, the environment, and activism, the author decentres African ecocriticism, affirming the eco-social vision that differentiates environmental writing in Nigeria from those of other nations on the continent. The book demonstrates how Nigerian writers, beyond connecting themselves to the natures of their communities, respond to ecological problems through indigenous literary instrumentalism. Anchored on the analytical concepts of nature, environment, and activism, the study is definitive in foregrounding the contribution of Nigerian writing to studies in ecocriticism at continental and global levels. This book will be of interest to scholars of African and postcolonial literature, ecocriticism, and environmental humanities. Sule E. Egya is Professor of African Literature and Cultural Studies at Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria. He is also an award-winning poet and novelist who writes under the pen name E. E. Sule. Routledge Contemporary Africa Series Introduction to Rwandan Law J ean-Marie Kamatali S tate Fragility and Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa I ndicators and Interventions J ohn Idriss Lahai and Isaac Koomson P ress Silence in Postcolonial Zimbabwe N ews Whiteouts, Journalism and Power Z venyika E. Mugari U rban Planning in Rapidly Growing Cities D eveloping Addis Ababa M intesnot G. Woldeamanuel R egional Development Poles and the Transformation of African Economies B enaiah Yongo-Bure N ature, Environment, and Activism in Nigerian Literature S ule E. Egya C orporate Social Responsibility and Law in Africa T heories, Issues and Practices N ojeem A. Amodu G reening Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa R alph Luken and Edward Clarence-Smith F or more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Contemporary-Africa/book-series/RCAFR Nature, Environment, and Activism in Nigerian Literature Sule E. Egya First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 Sule E. Egya The right of Sule E. Egya to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-43605-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-00457-8 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC This book is dedicated to the fond memory of Sani Ede Osu. He also sowed the seed. Contents Acknowledgements viii 1 Introduction: the Nigerian experience in postcolonial ecocriticism 1 2 Natures 22 3 Environments 70 4 Activisms 120 5 Conclusion: the future of Nigerian ecocriticism 169 Works cited 176 Index 184 Acknowledgements I started this research late in 2015 while an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and scholar-in-residence at the Institute of Asian and African studies, Hum- boldt University, Berlin. I thank the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for the opportunities since 2009. Prof. Dr. Susanne Gehrmann and Dr. Pepetual Chiangong Mforbe of the Institute, along with their postgraduate students, made useful contributions to the early versions of the work. My gratitude to all of you. I completed the first draft of this book while a fellow at the Rachel Carson Centre for Environment and Society, University of Munich, Munich. My pro- found gratitude to the centre for the excellent atmosphere that enabled me to complete the research and writing. I thank the 2018/2019 fellows who read part of the work and gave crucial suggestions on the project. My discussion with Christof Mauch, the centre’s director, on the work was also very useful. Thank you, Christof. I also received funding for this research from Nigeria’s Tertiary Education Trust Fund through its national research grant instrument. My deep gratitude. Other scholars I have interacted with who have assisted me in different ways in the course of this research are Michal Musialowski, Carli Coetzee, Douglas Kaze, Ogaga Okuyade, and Cajetan Iheka. Thank you for your suggestions. Also deserving of thanks are the anonymous reviewers engaged by Routledge whose suggestions greatly improved the work. I thank Leanne Hinves of Rout- ledge and her team for their interest in this work. I also thank Autumn Spalding of Apex CoVantage and her team for doing a great editorial job. For their love and care at home, my gratitude to Oshone, Aisha, Joy, Wasila, Anyalewa, Oyigwu, Taofiq, Egya, Ene, and Emayabo. 1 Introduction The Nigerian experience in postcolonial ecocriticism In the concluding chapter of his book Different Shades of Green: African Lit- erature, Environmental Justice, and Political Ecology , Byron Caminero-Santangelo remarks that “postcolonial regional particularism will not only be attentive to shared characteristics of a place in the world but also pay close attention to dif- ferences within such a place” (184). In this book, I pursue this logic further: ecocriticism in Africa needs to go beyond regional particularism to a national one for greater attentiveness to differences within the region. That is, we need to decentre the category “Africa” as we think in terms of ecological differences. There are two immediate reasons for this. First, it is by now a well-known epis- temological argument that we cannot lump together the historical and cultural particularities of the region’s peoples, whether in the precolonial past or post- colonial present, especially as it regards knowledge production.1 Beyond visible commonalities, differences abound, some of them profound and with socio- ecological consequences. Second, ecocriticism as a field of studies thrives on the notion of difference. Launched in North America, as its history indicates, with studies of the particularities of American nature writers (see especially Lawrence Buell’s T he Environmental Imagination) , ecocriticism has continued to emphasise that while ecological crises can be of a global scale, the best way to view them would be from a local lens by which the local becomes the locus of understanding the global. Besides, with an increasing focus on the nonhuman, the material, there is the need to continue to stretch the logic of difference because natural worlds are rooted in localities. N igerian literature is famously rich in evocation of environment, both phys- ical and non-physical. In the non-physical aspect, the imagination is tied to writers’ cultural, spiritual connection to a place, usually their birthplace (as in the case of Christopher Okigbo hinging his inspiration to his birthplace’s water goddess Mother Idoto and Wole Soyinka to the god Ogun). In the physical aspect, there is a lot of attention to natural (biotic and abiotic) life forms such as water, trees, mountains, the sun, and the moon. There is a growing activism for the protection of such life forms, especially in sites of industrial extrac- tions. This book is a theoretical and analytical study of this broad spectrum of the environment in Nigerian literature, under three linked and intertwined conceptual categories: nature, the environment, and activism. It is crucial to