Nature and Grace - Multilingual Catholic E-Books DataBase

335 Pages·2006·1.52 MB·English

by  Thomas Aquinas

Nature and Grace: Selections from the
Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas
by
Thomas Aquinas
About Nature and Grace: Selections from the Summa Theologica of Thomas
Aquinas by Thomas Aquinas
Title: Nature and Grace: Selections from the Summa Theologica of Thomas
Aquinas
URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/nature_grace.html
Author(s): Thomas, Aquinas, Saint
Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library
Print Basis: Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1954
Rights: Public Domain
Date Created: 2003-10-11
CCEL Subjects: All; Classic;
LC Call no: BX1749.T515
LC Subjects: Christian Denominations
Roman Catholic Church
Theology. Doctrine. Dogmatics
Nature and Grace: Selections from the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas
Table of Contents
About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. ii
Title Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1
Miscellaneous Prefatory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 3
General Editor’s Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 6
Original Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 7
General Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 19
Part I. Questions 1–4; 20–23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 28
Q. 1: What Sacred Doctrine Is, and What It Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 28
Art. 1: Whether Another Doctrine is Necessary, besides the Philosophical
Sciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 28
Art. 2: Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 29
Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Single Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 30
Whether Sacred Doctrine is a Practical Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 31
Whether Sacred Doctrine is Nobler than other Sciences. . . . . . . . . . p. 32
Whether Sacred Doctrine is Wisdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 33
Art. 7: Whether God is the Subject of This Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 34
Whether Sacred Doctrine Proceeds by Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 35
Whether Sacred Doctrine should Use Metaphors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 36
Art. 10: Whether One Passage of Sacred Scripture may have Several
Interpretations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 38
The Existence of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 39
Art. 1: Whether it is Self-Evident that God Exists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 39
Article 2: Whether God’s Existence can be Demonstrated. . . . . . . . . p. 41
Art. 3: Whether God Exists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 42
Q. 3: Of the Simple Nature of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 44
Art. 1: Whether God is a Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 45
Art. 2: Whether there is Composition of Form and Matter in God. . . . . p. 46
Whether God is the Same as his Essence, or Nature. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 47
Art. 4: Whether Essence and Existence are the Same in God. . . . . . . p. 49
Whether God Belongs to a Genus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 50
Whether there is any Accident in God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 51
Whether God is Altogether Simple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 52
Art. 8: Whether God Enters into the Composition of Other Things. . . . . p. 53
Q. 4: The Perfection of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 55
Art. 1: Whether God is Perfect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 55
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Art. 2: Whether the Perfections of all Things are in God. . . . . . . . . . p. 56
Art. 3: Whether any Creature can be Like God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 58
Appendix to Q. 4, Art. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 59
Q. 20: The Love of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 61
Art. 1: Whether there is Love in God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 61
Art. 2: Whether God Loves all Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 62
Art. 3: Whether God Loves All Things Equally. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 64
Art. 4: Whether God Always Loves Better Things the More. . . . . . . . p. 65
Q. 21: The Justice and Mercy of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 67
Art. 1: Whether there is Justice in God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 67
Art. 2: Whether God's Justice is Truth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 69
Art. 3: Whether there is Mercy in God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 70
Art. 4: Whether Justice and Mercy are Present in all God’s Works. . . . . p. 71
Q. 22: Of Divine Providence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 72
Art. 1: Whether Providence is Appropriately Ascribed to God. . . . . . . p. 73
Art. 2: Whether All Things are under Divine Providence. . . . . . . . . . p. 74
Art. 3: Whether God Provides for All Things Directly. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 76
Art. 4: Whether Providence Imposes a Necessity on what it
Provides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 78
Q. 23: Of Predestination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 79
Art. 1: Whether Men are Predestined by God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 79
Art. 2: Whether Predestination Implies Anything in the Predestined. . . . p. 80
Article 3: Whether God Rejects Any Man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 82
Art. 4: Whether the Predestined are Chosen by God. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 83
Art. 5: Whether the Foreknowledge of Merits is the Cause of
Predestination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84
Art. 6: Whether Predestination is Certain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 87
Art. 7: Whether the Number of the Predestined is Certain. . . . . . . . . p. 88
Art. 8: Whether Predestination can be Furthered by the Prayers of the
Devout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 90
Of Sin. Prima Secundae, Questions 82, 83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 93
Q. 82: The Essence of Original Sin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 93
Art. 1: Whether Original Sin is a Habit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 93
Art. 2: Whether there are Many Original Sins in One Man. . . . . . . . . p. 94
Art. 3: Whether Original Sin is Desire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 95
Art. 4: Whether Original Sin is in All Men Equally. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 97
Q. 85: The Effects of Sin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 98
Art. 1: Whether Sin Diminishes Natural Good. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 98
Art. 2: Whether the Whole Good of Human Nature can be Destroyed by
Sin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 99
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Art. 3: Whether Weakness, Ignorance, Malice, and Desire are Rightly
Named as the Wounds of Nature Due to Sin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 101
Art. 4: Whether Privation of Mode, Species, and Order is the Effect of
Sin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 102
Art. 5: Whether Death and Other Defects of the Body are the Effects of
Sin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 103
Art. 6: Whether Death and Other Defects are Natural to Man. . . . . . . p. 105
Treatise on Grace. Prima Secundae Questions 109—114.. . . . . . . . . . . p. 107
Q. 109: Concerning the External Principle of Human Actions, That Is, the
Grace of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 107
Art. 1: Whether a Man can Know any Truth without Grace. . . . . . . . . p. 107
Art. 2: Whether a Man can Will or do Good without Grace. . . . . . . . . p. 109
Art. 3: Whether a Man can Love God above All Things by His Natural
Powers alone, without Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 110
Art. 4: Whether a Man can fulfil the Commandments of the Law by His
Natural Powers, without Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 112
Art. 5: Whether a Man can Merit Eternal Life, without Grace. . . . . . . . p. 113
Art. 6: Whether without Grace a Man can Prepare Himself for
Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 114
Art. 7: Whether a Man can rise from Sin without the Help of Grace. . . . p. 115
Art. 8: Whether a Man can avoid Sin, without Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 117
Art. 9: Whether, after receiving Grace, a Man can do Good and avoid
Sin, without further help of Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 118
Art. 10: Whether a Man in Grace needs the help of Grace in order to
Persevere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 120
Q. 110: The Essence of God’s Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 121
Art. 1: Whether Grace denotes Something in the Soul. . . . . . . . . . . p. 121
Art. 2: Whether Grace is a Quality of the Soul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 123
Art. 3: Whether Grace is the same as Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 124
Art. 4: Whether Grace is in the Soul’s Essence as its Subject, or in One
of its Powers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 126
Q. 111: The Divisions of Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 127
Art. 1: Whether Grace is appropriately divided into Sanctifying Grace and
Free Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 127
Art. 2: Whether Grace is appropriately divided into Operative and
Co-operative Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 129
Art. 3: Whether Grace is Appropriately Divided into Prevenient and
Subsequent Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 130
Art. 4: Whether Free Grace is Appropriately Divided by the Apostle. . . . p. 132
Art. 5: Whether Free Grace is Nobler than Sanctifying Grace. . . . . . . p. 134
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Q. 112: The Cause of Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 135
Art. 1: Whether God is the Sole Cause of Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 135
Art. 2: Whether a Preparation or Disposition for Grace is required on the
part of man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 136
Art. 3: Whether Grace is Bound to be given to One Who Prepares Himself
for Grace, or Who does what He can. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 137
Art. 4: Whether Grace is greater in One Man than in Another. . . . . . . p. 138
Art. 5: Whether a Man can know that He has Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 140
Q. 113: The Effects of Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 141
Art. 1: Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is the Remission of
Sins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 142
Art. 2: Whether an Infusion of Grace is required for the Remission of Guilt,
which is the Justification of the Ungodly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 143
Art. 3: Whether a Movement of the Free Will is required for the Justification
of the Ungodly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 144
Art. 4: Whether a Movement of Faith is reojuired for the Justification of
the Ungodly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 146
Art. 5: Whether a Movement of the Free Will against Sin is required for
the justification of the ungodly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 147
Art. 6: Whether the Remission of Sins should be Numbered with the things
reequired for the Justification of the Ungodly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 148
Art. 7: Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is achieved
Instantaneously or Gradually. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 150
Art. 8: Whether the Infusion of Grace is the First of the Things required
for the Justification of the Ungodly, According to the Order of
Nature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 152
Art. 9: Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is the Greatest Work of
God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 154
Art. 10: Whether the Justification of the Ungodly is a Miracle. . . . . . . p. 155
Q. 114: Concerning Merit, Which Is the Effect of Co-operative Grace. . . . p. 156
Art. 1: Whether a Man can Merit Anything from God. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 157
Art. 2: Whether One can Merit Eternal Life without Grace. . . . . . . . . p. 158
Art. 3: Whether a Man in Grace can Merit Eternal Life Condignly. . . . . p. 159
Art. 4: Whether Grace is the Principle of Merit through Charity more
Principally than through Other Virtues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 161
Art. 5: Whether a Man can Merit the First Grace for Himself. . . . . . . . p. 162
Art. 6: Whether a Man can Merit the First Grace for Another. . . . . . . p. 163
Art. 7: Whether a Man can Merit His Restoration after a Lapse. . . . . . p. 164
Art. 8: Whether a Man can Merit an Increase of Grace or Charity. . . . . p. 165
Art. 9: Whether a Man can Merit Perseverance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 166
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Art. 10: Whether Temporal Goods can be Merited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 168
Treatise on the Theological Virtues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 170
I. On Faith. Secunda Secundae, Questions 1–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 170
Q. 1: The Object of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 170
Art. 1: Whether the Object of Faith is the First Truth. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 170
Art. 2: Whether the Object of Faith is Something Complex, in the Form
of a Proposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 171
Art. 3: Whether what is False can be Held in Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 172
Art. 4: Whether the Object of Faith can be Something Seen. . . . . . . p. 174
Art. 5: Whether the Things of Faith can be Known Scientifically. . . . . p. 175
Art. 6: Whether Matters of Faith ought to be Divided into Certain
Articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 177
Art. 7: Whether the Articles of Faith have Increased with the Passing
of Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 178
Art. 8: Whether the Articles of Faith are appropriately Enumerated. . . p. 180
Art. 9: Whether the Articles of Faith are appropriately Set Forth in a
Symbol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 183
Art. 10: Whether it is for the Chief Pontiff to Draw Up the Symbol of the
Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 185
Q. 2: The Act of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 186
Art. 1: Whether to Believe is to Think with Assent. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 186
Art. 2: Whether to Believe God, to Believe that there is a God, and to
Believe in God are rightly Distinguished as Acts of Faith. . . . . . . . . p. 188
Art. 3: Whether, for Salvation, it is Necessary to Believe Anything which
is Beyond Natural Reason. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 189
Art. 4: Whether it is Necessary to Believe such Things as can be Proved
by Natural Reason. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190
Art. 5: Whether a Man is required to Believe Anything Explicitly. . . . . p. 191
Art. 6: Whether all Men Equally are required to have Explicit Faith. . . p. 193
Art. 7: Whether Explicit Belief in the Mystery of the Incarnation of Christ
is Necessary for the Salvation of Everybody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 194
Art. 8: Whether Explicit Belief in the Trinity is Necessary for
Salvation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 196
Art. 9: Whether to Believe is Meritorious. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 197
Art. 10: Whether a Reason in Support of the Things of Faith Diminishes
the Merit of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 199
Q. 3: The Outward Act of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 200
Art. 1: Whether Confession is an Act of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 200
Art. 2: Whether Confession of Faith is Necessary for Salvation. . . . . p. 202
Q. 4: The Virtue Itself of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 203
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Art. 1: Whether this is a Satisfactory Definition of Faith: Faith is the
Substance of Things Hoped for, the Evidence of Things not Seen. . . . p. 203
Art. 2: Whether Faith is in the Intellect as its Subject. . . . . . . . . . . p. 206
Art. 3: Whether Charity is the Form of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 207
Art. 4: Whether Unformed Faith can become Formed, or Vice
Versa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 208
Art. 5: Whether Faith is a Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 209
Art. 6: Whether Faith is a Single Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 211
Art. 7: Whether Faith is the First of the Virtues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 212
Art. 8: Whether Faith is more Certain than Science and the Other
Intellectual Virtues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 214
Q. 5: Of Those Who Have Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 215
Art. 1: Whether Angels and Man had Faith in their First State. . . . . . p. 215
Art. 2: Whether Devils Have Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 217
Art. 3: Whether One Who Disbelieves One Article of Faith can Have
Unformed Faith in the Other Articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 218
Art. 4: Whether Faith can be Greater in One Than in Another. . . . . . p. 220
Q. 6: The Cause of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 221
Art. 1: Whether Faith is Infused into Man by God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 221
Art. 2: Whether Unformed Faith is a Gift of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 222
Q. 7: The Effect of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224
Art. 1: Whether Fear is an Effect of Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224
Art. 2: Whether Purification of the Heart is an Effect of Faith. . . . . . p. 225
II. On Hope. Secunda Secundae, Questions 17—21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 226
Q. 17: Of Hope Considered in Itself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 226
Art. 1: Whether Hope is a Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 226
Art. 2: Whether Eternal Blessedness is the Proper Object of Hope. . . p. 227
Art. 3: Whether One can Hope for the Eternal Blessedness of
Another. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 229
Art. 4: Whether One may Lawfully Hope in Man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 230
Art. 5: Whether Hope is a Theological Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 231
Art. 6: Whether Hope is Distinct from the other Theological
Virtues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 232
Art. 7: Whether Hope precedes Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 233
Art. 8: Whether Charity is Prior to Hope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 234
Q. 18: The Subject of Hope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 235
Art. 1: Whether Hope is in the Will as its Subject. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 235
Art. 2: Whether there is Hope in the Blessed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 236
Art. 3: Whether there is Hope in the Damned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 238
Q. 19: The Gift of Fear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 240
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Thomas Aquinas
Art. 1: Whether God can be Feared. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 240
Art. 2: Whether Fear is appropriately Divided into Filial, Initial, Servile,
and Worldly Fear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 241
Art. 3: Whether Worldly Fear is always Evil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 243
Art. 4: Whether Servile Fear is Good. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 244
Art. 5: Whether Servile Fear is substantially the Same as Filial
Fear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 245
Art. 6: Whether Servile Fear Remains when Charity is Present. . . . . p. 246
Art. 7: Whether Fear is the Beginning of Wisdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 247
Art. 8: Whether Initial Fear Differs Substantially from Filial Fear. . . . . p. 249
Art. 9: Whether Fear is a Gift of the Holy Spirit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 250
Art. 10: Whether Fear Diminishes as Charity Increases. . . . . . . . . . p. 251
Art. 11: Whether Fear Remains in Heaven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 252
Art. 12: Whether Poverty of Spirit is the Beatitude which Corresponds
to the Gift of Fear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 254
Q. 20: Of Despair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 255
Art. 1: Whether Despair is a Sin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 255
Art. 2: Whether there can be Despair without Unbelief. . . . . . . . . . p. 257
Art. 3: Whether Despair is the Greatest of Sins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 258
Art. 4: Whether Despair Arises from Listlessness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 259
Q. 21: Of Presumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 260
Art. 1: Whether Presumption Relies on God, or on One’s Own
Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 261
Art. 2: Whether Presumption is a Sin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 262
Art. 3: Whether Presumption is Opposed to Fear rather than to
Hope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 263
Art. 4: Whether Presumption is Caused by Vainglory. . . . . . . . . . . p. 264
III. On Charity. Secunda Secundae. Questions 23, 27.. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 265
Q. 23: Of Charity, Considered in Itself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 265
Art. 1: Whether Charity is Friendship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 266
Art. 2: Whether Charity is Something Created in the Soul. . . . . . . . p. 267
Art. 3: Whether Charity is a Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 269
Art. 4: Whether Charity is a Specific Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 270
Art. 5: Whether Charity is a Single Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 271
Art. 6: Whether Charity is the Most Excellent of the Virtues. . . . . . . p. 272
Art. 7: Whether there can be any True Virtue without Charity. . . . . . p. 273
Art. 8: Whether Charity is the Form of the Virtues. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 275
Q. 27: Of the Principal Act of Charity, Which Is to Love. . . . . . . . . . . p. 276
Art. 1: Whether to be Loved is More Proper to Charity than to
Love. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 276
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Nature and Grace: Selections from the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas
Art. 2: Whether the Love which is an Act of Charity is the Same as
Benevolence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 277
Art. 3: Whether by Charity God is to be Loved on Account of
Himself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 279
Art. 4: Whether God can be Loved Immediately in this Life. . . . . . . p. 280
Art. 5: Whether God can be Loved Wholly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 281
Art. 6: Whether Love to God ought to have a Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 282
Art. 7: Whether it is more Meritorious to Love an Enemy than to Love
a Friend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 283
Art. 8: Whether it is more Meritorious to Love One’s Neighbour than to
Love God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 285
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 287
Biblical References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 293
Index of References to Other Authors and Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 293
Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 321
Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 321
Latin Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 323
Index of Pages of the Print Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 324
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